Pam Bennett, Barb Bloetscher, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Gary Gao, Dave Goerig, Dan Herms, Tim Malinich, Jane Martin, Pam Sherratt, Amy Stone, and Curtis Young
|
|
June 29, 2004
|
|
This is the Thirteenth 2004 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL).
BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension
agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio.
BYGL is also made available on the Internet from the Ohio State University
Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS) in Virtual Perspective website
(http://bygl.osu.edu). Additional fact sheet information on any of
these articles may be found through the OSU fact sheet database (http://plantfacts.osu.edu).
BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support
from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional
funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT).
Participants in the July 01, 2004 conference included: Barb Bloetscher (Entomology and C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic); Joe Boggs(Hamilton/South District); Jim Chatfield (North District/ Horticulture and Crop Science Department-HCS); Erik Draper (Geauga); Dave Dyke (Hamilton); Dave Goerig (Mahoning); Jane Martin (Franklin) Joe Rimelspach (HCS);Dave Shetlar (Entomology); Amy Stone (Lucas); Curtis Young (Allen); and Randy Zondag (Lake).
Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found
through the OSU Factsheet Database (http://plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/)
|
WEATHER WATCH
|
WATCH Joe Boggs reported that as of June 29, the official weather data highlights recorded at the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky included: 2.93" of rainfall occurred in June; this is -1.36" below the monthly average of 4.29"; and the year-to-date precipitation total is 23.05", +0.64" when compared to the average. Joe mentioned that although rainfall totals in greater Cincinnati are current above average for the year, June has been a dry month. One area in the city only received 0.41" of rain between June 13 - 29. During that 17-day period, no rain event totaled more that 0.16", and all events were very localized. Lawns in this area are turning brown and gardeners have turned to the hose for water when it comes to their annuals, herbaceous perennials, and newly planted trees and shrubs.
In Central Ohio, the June rainfall total is 5.33", +1.69" according to Jane Martin. Their year-to-date total is 25.59", +7.12".
Rainfall totals have varied greatly in the northern portion of the state. Both Erik Draper and Amy Stone mentioned that the official weather data recorded at the Cleveland and Toledo airports differed from other rain gauges out in the county. Further driving home the point that rainfall events can be localized. Cleveland weather highlights include the following: 2.87" recorded for the month of June, this is 74% of the average precipitation amount; and 20.78" inches has fallen for the year. The Mahoning Valley checked in at 20.14" of rain this year which is +4.03" above average although the month of June showed signs of a gradual decline of precipitation at -0.45" below average. Officially, Toledo continues to lag behind in the year-to-date category, still 3.0" below average.
|
|
HORT SHORTS
|
GROWING DEGREE DAYS
The range of Growing Degree Day (GDD) accumulations in Ohio from north to south is 1007 to 1495. The following is the report of GDD for several locations around Ohio as of June 30, 2004.
As of Wednesday afternoon, GDD accumulations were: Painesville, 1007; Cleveland, 1017; Toledo, 1161; Youngstown, 1077; Lima, 1186; Wooster, 1178; Coshocton, 1186; Columbus, 1273; Springfield, 1356; Dayton, 1411; Cincinnati, 1482; Ironton, 1493; and Portsmouth, 1495.
GDD is a measure of the daily maximum and minimum temperature and directly relates to growth and development of plants and insects. The GDD of any zip code location in Ohio is estimated using the GDD of ten O.A.R.D.C. weather stations and available on the website at the site below.
To put these GDD accumulations into perspective, the following is an abbreviated listing of plant and insect species with their respective phenological event and average GDD accumulations at which these events occur. Due to variations in weather, temperature, humidity, etc., these events may occur a few days earlier or later than predicted by the average GDD. By looking at a city, town, or village near you from the above list, or visiting the above web site, you can see what could be taking place in the landscape around you.
The following is a list of plants and their phenological events that occur at or around the following average GDD's, and insects and their phenological activities that have average GDD's close to the listed plants: rosebay rhododendron, first bloom, 1010; greenspire littleleaf linden, full bloom, 1047; southern catalpa, full bloom, 1073; June bride littleleaf linden, full bloom, 1115; bottlebrush buckeye first bloom, 1158, panicled goldenraintree, full bloom, 1251; rose-of-Sharon, first bloom, 1347; pine needle scale egg hatch, 1349; euonymus scale, egg hatch (2nd generation), 1923; magnolia scale, egg hatch, 1938; and banded ash clearwing borer, adult emergence, 2195.
If you have not visited the web site for the phenological calendar lately, you have missed some changes made to the presentation of the data on the chart. Backgrounds have been change and an added feature is a highlighted area that suggests what could happen in the next 5 days. There are also some important notes at the bottom of the chart which state, "Due to variations in weather, temperature, humidity, etc. these events may occur a few days earlier or later" and "NOTE: We encourage you to grow indicator plants. This will enable you to make pest management decisions that are more specific to your nursery."
We are fast approaching the end of the phenological calendar, thus we will be discontinuing this part of the BYGL until next year.
|
|
SLUGGING IT OUT
Erik Draper slimmed the BYGL discussion this week with his slug talk. He reported Geauga County was inundated with the happy mollusks as a result of the excessive rain that has fell on that part of the state. We should mention that slugs are nothing more than snails without their shells. They range in size from 1/4 to seven inches in length. As a slug travels it secretes a slime (mucus) like substance that persists on the surface of most leaves. If that isn't bad enough, they have big appetites and chewing mouth parts that can bring on noticeable damage to many of our favorite herbaceous plants in a short time. Successful slug population control strategies include; Trapping, Reducing favorable habitat, and Commercial slug baits.
|
|
STRIKING SQUIRREL MISCHIEF
Dave Goerig reported he was asked to visit an urban site where an Acer platanoides 'Crimson King' was losing small shredded pieces of bark. He soon recognized it to be the work of a local squirrel. The damage to the 20+ year old tree was sporadic but extensive. It consisted of debarked belts on secondary branches 18 inches wide, and up to 28 inches long. The xylem tissue just underneath the missing bark exhibited numerous gnaw marks. Many of the damaged branches were for all practical purposes, girdled.
Most tree squirrels inhabit our natural woodland areas. As with all living things, these animals are constantly searching for food, water, shelter or nesting materials. Landscapes that contribute one or more of these necessities of life can expect to attract these animals and others to their yards. The number of animals that exist in our yards is directly proportional to the amount of food, water and cover we give them. Squirrels and other animals become a nuisance in the urban areas when their feeding and nesting habits conflict with our interests.
Squirrels favor acorns, hickory nuts, and walnuts in the fall. They seem to prefer tree buds in the spring and during summer the have been seen eating fruits, berries and plant material. Because there are opportunistic, they are commonly seen raiding back yard bird feeders. They are known to dig up and eat bulbs and planted seeds as well as sample ripened vegetables.
There are several theories as to why these animals strip bark from trees. Some believe this behavior is necessary to sharpen and clean their front teeth. If the squirrel is constantly eating soft food from a bird feeder and not hard shelled nuts it could need this type of exercise to maintain its dental hygiene. Still others have written it is a process of gathering nesting materials. There are also accounts of squirrels being naturally known as "high strung" and mischievous creatures. This could explain why they also bite into communication and power lines.
Some squirrels are considered small game species in Ohio and may be legally taken during the regular hunting season. For those who cant wait that long to reduce the populations around their properties, box trapping is effective. Check with your local wildlife officer for the options you have with this population control method. Cultural controls include elimination of the animals easy access to food, water, and cover in your yard. Finally, repellents can be applied to damaged areas to prevent further damage from occurring. Products containing Naphthalene (moth balls),Capsaicin, and Polybutene are registered for controlling tree squirrels.
|
|
BUG BYTES
|
VIBURNUM BORERS
Randy Zondag reported major branch dieback, plant decline, and plant death on Viburnum spp. in nursery production stock in Lake County. Close inspection of the declining and dead plants revealed swellings, and cracked and flaking bark under which were white caterpillars and sawdust. There are at least two species of clearwing borer moths that attack viburnum in Ohio, the VIBURNUM CLEARWING BORER (Synanthedon viburni) and the LESSER VIBURNUM BORER (S. fatifera). These borers attack Viburnum spp. from ground level to about 18" above the base of the plant. Damage can extend a few inches below the soil surface. They attack several Viburnum spp., especially AMERICAN HIGHBUSH CRANBERRY, Viburnum trilobum.
The adults of both viburnum borers are very similar in appearance to the LESSER PEACHTREE BORER (S. pictipes). Physical differences among the three species of clearwings exist in the coloration of scaling on the face and top of the head. These differences are described in NCR Publication No. 394, "A Guide to the Clearwing Borers (Sesiidae) of the North Central United States." Differences can be difficult to detect if the specimens are not in pristine condition.
Pheromone traps can be used to monitor adult flights to help in timing insecticide treatments. The viburnum clearwing borer and the lesser peachtree borer are attracted to the same pheromone lure while the lesser viburnum clearwing is attracted to a pheromone lure used for the LILAC/ASH BORER, Podosesia syringae, and the BANDED ASH CLEARWING, P. aureocincta. Unfortunately, when these delicate moths are trapped either in the glue of a wing trap or the bottom of a wind swept bucket trap, frequently the key scale patches used for separation of the species are obliterated. Adults of all three species emerge and fly during June and July.
Control of the viburnum borers can be accomplished through cultural and chemical practices. Planting viburnums in appropriate sites and maintaining good plant health care are both important in cultural control. Vigorously growing plants are less attractive to the borers and better able to withstand attack. Chemical control may be required for plants in nursery production sites. Applications of a long residual insecticide, such as Astro or Onyx, to the bark on the lower portions of susceptible plants is recommended. Reapplication may be required if adults are still flying 30 days after the first application.
|
|
ANOTHER BEETLE CHEWING HOLES IN ASH
Curtis Young received a peanut butter jar filled with small (1/8" long), very active beetles. The not-so-happy owner of the beetles said he was collecting hundreds of these beetles in his garage for the past week at windows in the garage door and entrance door. He thought they might be coming from the firewood stored in the garage (never a good idea). At first, Curtis thought they looked like a species of carpet beetle based on the color patterns on their bodies produced by short light and dark colored hairs, but they were too big. Close examination revealed they were actually a species of bark beetle, the ASH BARK BEETLE, Hylesinus aculeatus.
Ash bark beetles can cause injury to trees by tunneling under the bark and into the surface of the sapwood. The female produces a large egg gallery with two branches extending across the wood grain in opposite directions from the bark entrance. Larval galleries radiate out from the egg gallery as is typical of many bark beetles. When the new adults emerge, they produce numerous 1/16" round exit holes (1 for each new adult). The egg galleries and larval feeding galleries can girdle branches and cause dieback in the canopy. However, the ash bark beetle is more commonly encountered as a nuisance related to storing firewood indoors. Thousands of beetles may emerge from the firewood and fly to windows. The ash bark beetle usually is attracted to and attacks recently cut or dead ash with the bark intact. No controls are recommended other than DO NOT store firewood indoors!
|
|
NEW SPIDER FACT SHEETS
Three new OSU fact sheets have been written and published online describing common spiders in Ohio and the black widow spider. Questions about spiders continues to be of great concern to many people due to the mythical fear that many are poisonous or dangerous to people. If these fact sheets do not sufficiently answer spider queries, submit them and unknown insects to the CWEPPDC for identification. Another new fact sheet explains how to send these samples.
|
|
WHITE PINE WEEVIL IN SW OHIO
We reported in BYGL 2004-01 (4/8/04) that Christmas tree growers in northeast Ohio were observing activity by overwintered white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) females. In BYGL 2004-03 (4/22/04), Dan Herms (OSU, Entomology) noted that time was rapidly running out for making effective insecticide applications to the main leaders of conifers to control the females before they laid eggs. In BYGL 2004-11 (6/17/04), Erik Draper reported that in the northeast part of the state, he was observing early indications of damage caused by larval feeding activity to the tops of conifers.
This week, Joe Boggs reported that he is observing significant damage caused by this weevil on white pines in landscapes in the southwest part of the state. This observation represents some developing trends with this insect in Ohio that have been noted by BYGLers over the past few years.
White pine weevil has been traditionally viewed as a Christmas tree and nursery production pest in Ohio, and it was rarely found outside the northeast part of the state. However, BYGLers have noted that white pine weevil is now a common landscape pest, and it is frequently being found in the central part of Ohio. This latest observation indicates the weevil may also be establishing itself in the southern part of the state. The change could present a diagnostic challenge to landscape and nursery managers unfamiliar with this insect.
The weevil has one generation per year. Overwintered females deposit eggs in the terminals of their conifer hosts, which include their namesake as well as Scotch, jack, red, and pitch pine, plus Douglas-fir, Colorado blue, and white spruce. The resulting white, legless, slightly curved, grub-like larvae tunnel downward just beneath the bark until pupation. Larval development is typically completed by mid-to-late summer. The tops of infested trees become wilted, turn brown, and die. Main leaders are often curved into a shepherd's crook. Larval tunneling usually does not progress past the top two lateral limb whorls; however on small trees, larvae may tunnel to the base of the main stem, killing the entire tree.
It is too late to apply insecticides to kill the developing larvae. However, it may not be too late to reduce populations by removing infested terminals. Mature larvae construct pupation chambers, called "chip cocoons," beneath the bark. The cocoons are created by the larvae positioning their bodies in tub-shape grooves excavated in the xylem, and then surrounding themselves with small, white wood chips. Joe noted that he found chip cocoons late last week in his part of the state which indicates pupation is occurring, and adult emergence is close at hand. Wilted terminals should be removed and the cut ends closely examined to determine if the entire infestation has been isolated. Infested material must be destroyed since the weevils will complete their development in cut tops left on the ground.
|
|
SAWYER BEETLES CUTTING UP.
Erik Draper excitedly reported receiving a Cerambycid or longhorn beetle to identify this week. This is a big beetle measuring about 1.125"in length and 0.25" wide and sports 3"long antennae. No one in the office wanted to touch the ziplock bag with 5 of these beetles inside! This little lumberjack turned out to be the Northeastern Sawyer (Monochamus notatus). A local sawmill imported some red pine logs from Michigan and milled them into posts for use in newly constructed homes. With the consistent temperature offered indoors, these beetles began to emerge much to the chagrin of the buyer and sawmill.
The larvae of these wood-boring beetles first mine the surface layers of wood and then bore deep into the inner layers. Their mines create openings for wood-destroying fungi to invaded and destroy the wood. The young larva is dirty white, somewhat flattened, without legs, and an amber-brown head armed with a pair of short stout mandibles. When fully grown, a larva may be 1.5-2" in length and 0.25-0.375" wide at the thorax. This beetle requires may require 1-2 years to complete its life cycle, depending on the geographic location of its host.
Larvae of the Northeastern sawyer develop successfully in weakened or recently dead conifers, freshly cut pulpwood, and saw logs. Eastern White pine (Pinus strobus) appears to be the preferred host , but the sawyer will also readily attack jack pine (P. banksiana), red pine (P. resinosa), balsam fir (Abies balsamea ), white spruce, (Picea glauca), black spruce (P. mariana), red spruce (P. rubens), and tamarack (Larix laricina) occasionally serves as a host.
|
|
SLUG IMPOSTERS UNVEILED
Dave Shetlar reported that participants at last weeks 2004 Deciduous Shrub School in Wooster were treated to the sight of PEARSLUGS (Caliroa cerasi) skeletonizing leaves of serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.). Dave noted that the damage was substantial. The observation was significant since ROSESLUGS (Endelomyia aethiops) have long enjoyed the status of being the primary leaf skeletonizing sawfly associated with serviceberry. However, Dave indicated he has suspected that pearslugs actually cause most of the significant skeletonizing damage observed in Ohio. The reason: roseslugs have one generation, while pearslugs may have as many as three generations in Ohio.
The shimmering pearslugs are one of the "true slug-sawflies." Slug-sawflies glisten like slugs because they cover themselves with their own excrement. Other notable slug-sawflies in the same genus that are found in Ohio include SCARLET OAK SAWFLY (C. quercuscoccineae), and PIN OAK SAWFLY (C. lineata).
Pearslugs are generally olive-green in color, but they may occasionally have overtones of orange. Early instar larvae feed on the upper leaf surface, producing tiny pits. Although they do not feed through the leaves, the damage may superficially resemble holes. Later instars feed consume upper leaf surface tissue, but they avoid eating major veins or consuming the lower leaf surfac. The resulting damage at first resembles a "windowpane" effect, but the damage later appears typical for a leaf skeletonizer as the lower surface dries and drops off leaving only the veins. Pearslugs host trees include: cherry, plum, hawthorn, pear, contoneaster, and serviceberry. Since they have as many as three generations, damage can become significant, and control may be required.
The pale yellowish-green roseslugs are not a true "slug-sawfly." The common name is based on the shimmering effect created by the sawfly's semi-transparent body. Roseslugs obviously feed on roses, but they may occasionally be found on other hosts, such as serviceberry. Roseslugs practice the same feeding behavior as pearslugs. Indeed, the two sawflies produce almost indistinguishable feeding damage. However, since roseslugs only have one generation per season, their damage is not long lasting, and plants quickly recover. Control measures are seldom warranted. It is important accurately identify which sawfly is causing the damage.
|
|
WINDSHIELD WIPE
BYGLers also ran into a few other insects and mites this week including:
* Mite populations in Ohio are now shifting from "cool-season" to the "warm-season" types. Warm-season mites build damaging populations during the warm months of summer. Landscape and nursery managers should be monitoring for the usual warm-season suspects, such as TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus urticae), OAK SPIDER MITE (Oligonychus bicolor), and the HONEYLOCUST SPIDER MITE (Platytetranchus multidigituli), as well as a few less notorious marauders such as MAPLE SPIDER MITE (O. aceris), and ARBORVITAE MITE (P. libocedri).
* Several BYGLers added observations to this season's saga of the BROOD X emergence of the PERIODICAL CICADA. Under the heading of "misery loves company", BYGLers returning from vacation noted that flagging was heavy in parts of Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. Joe Boggs reported that he observed eastern white pine with oviposition slits on small branches. Although egg laying activity was not as heavy as that found on nearby oaks, the wounds were very obvious. However, copious quantities of sticky resin oozing from the wounds indicated the nymphs are probably doomed and have little chance of successfully leaving the tree ... ever!
|
|
TURF TIPS
|
TURF INSECTS OUT
Dave Shetlar reported that several turf insect pests are active and may cause damage in high and low cut turf, especially if the soil has been dry. Large numbers of BLUEGRASS BILLBUG LARVAE have been found tunneling in the stems of Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass and fescues. Once they have finished hollowing the stem of their host, the small, white legless larvae drop onto the soil and feed on the crowns, rhizomes and roots. At this point, the plants turn brown and wilts. From a distance, irregular patches of turfgrass look brown and thin, yet without a closer inspection, the observer may think that drought had pushed the turf into dormancy. Informed investigators will perform the "tug test", in which a few browning stems are grasped between the thumb and forefinger and tugged firmly but gently. If the stems break, look for sawdust and frass inside the stem. Several tugs can quickly determine if billbug larvae have killed the top growth of a suspect site.
Although too late to treat the turfgrass with an insecticide at this point, prudent irrigation may keep the remaining stems and crowns alive, and record this pest so that the area is treated preventively the following year.
High numbers of JAPANESE BEETLE and MASKED CHAFER adults have been counted in Dave Shetlar's light traps, projecting a potentially large population of white grubs in turfgrass, especially if the soil stays moist (but not saturated), throughout the summer. Where white grubs have been a problem in the last few years, turfgrass managers can still apply imidacloprid (MERIT) or halofenozide (MACH II) for these grubs until mid-August, however the target date for European chafer grubs has almost passed (early June-mid July). If billbugs are a problem as well, treat with Merit in May next year.
CHINCH BUGS have now attained their second generation, despite the rainfall. Lawns with widespread thinning and browning should be inspected closely for this true bug. Watch for small bugs running along sidewalks adjacent to brown turf on hot days, or spread the canopy apart and peer into the turfgrass. Adults are 1/8" black bugs with white wings crossed halfway down the back, while the nymphs have little or no visible wings and a reddish band across the abdomen. As these bugs suck nutrients out of the leaf blades, they inject salivary juices which plug the vascular system of the turf, causing it to turn yellowish brown and die. Since they do kill the grass, recurrent incidents of chinch bugs should be treated with a pyrethroid, such as bifenthrin (Tempo), deltamethrin (DeltaGard), or lambda-cyhalothrin (Scimitar). Imidacloprid (Merit) also works, but takes about 10 to 14 days to knock out the adult chinch bugs.
|
|
TURF CLIPPINGS. . NEW TURF FACT SHEET
A new OSU fact sheet on summer patch has been written and is online for golf course and lawn care turf managers. Please see the following website for the direct link.
|
|
INDUSTRY INSIGHT
|
EMERALD ASH BORER UPDATE
Two more northwest Ohio sightings of the tree-destroying emerald ash borer were confirmed yesterday by the Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA).
The latest is rural Fulton County, on private land near County Roads 3 and F in Swancreek Township. It's in the vicinity of recent discoveries in the Oak Openings Preserve Metropark, Maumee State Forest, on Toledo Express Airport property, and nearby private land, Melanie Wilt, ODA spokesman, said.
In recent days, state agriculture officials discovered an outbreak on private property in southern Wood County, just northeast of North Baltimore, Ohio. That site, like others, has been quarantined. Officials are uncertain how the exotic beetle got to any of the locations
The ash borers were discovered in southeast Michigan two years ago, but are believed to have been imported to this continent accidentally about 10 years ago. At least 6 million ash trees are dead or dying in Michigan. In addition to northwest Ohio, the beetle has been found in the Columbus area, and in Maryland, Virginia, and Indiana.
Eradication efforts by the ODA, such as clear-cuts intended to remove infested trees and to separate the emerald ash borer from its food source, have been suspended for the year because the beetle began emerging from infested trees about 6 weeks ago. Officials in Ohio and Michigan have been setting up "trap trees" to lure beetles and capture them with sticky material, in hopes to determine the leading edge of the infestation and more about the insects population dynamics.
On Thursday of last week, Dan Herms lead a group to Michigans EABland (the core of the emerald ash borer infestation near Detroit). The group toured the Tollgate Educational Center in Novi, Michigan where Michigan State University and Ohio State University are collaboratively working on emerald ash borer research. One of the studies the group observed is looking at host preference. Ash trees in the plot included ash trees commonly grown in our area, those grown where the insect is native, and crosses. An additional host preference study has been planted in Toledo, Ohio in collaboration between OSU Extension, OSU School of Natural Resources, and the City of Toledo. The group also visited a golf course in the Livonia area that has begun removing some of the 600 ash trees on the course.
If you have not seen the devastation that Michigan is facing due to the emerald ash borer, you need to make the trip. Be sure to take a camera, you wont want to miss the photo opportunities of dead and dying ash trees in woodlots, between the street and sidewalk, and landscapes. It truly is remarkable how much havoc an insect create.
|
|
DIRR ON HYDRANGEAS
University of Georgia horticulture professor Michael Dirr has written yet one more book, titled Hydrangeas for American Gardens. This is the first book on hydrangeas written by an American author for North American gardens; to date, references on how to grow this wonderful group of plants has come from England and Europe. Dirr's enthusiasm for hydrangeas is insatiable as he combines science, plant description and seasoned advice to readers. The book includes chapters on taxonomy and nomenclature, plant selection and culture, propagation and pests and problems, as well as numerous illustrations and over 150 color photographs.
Dr. Dirr also provides a glimpse into the future of interesting and unusual species and hybrids, including reblooming types, that will make their way into nurseries in the years ahead as breeding advances and programs take place.
This book is published by Timber Press, and would make a great addition to any backyard gardener's or professional horticulturist's reference library. Check it out!
|
|
COMING ATTRACTIONS
|
WOSU GREEN SCENE
Join WOSU News 820 AM host Tom Wiebell this Friday night on Green Scene, from 6:30 to 8:00 p.m. with guests Curtis Young of OSU Extension and Dick Funt, OSU Department of Horticulture and Crop Science Fruit Specialist, Tune in or call Green Scene at 614-292-8513 for answers and advice for all your horticultural queries and quandaries.
|
|
BYGLOSOPHY
|
"If our gardens grew as quick as this BYGL writer's deadline, we would all be pruning fools" - Goerig
|
|
