Pam Bennett, Barb Bloetscher, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Gary Gao, Dave Goerig, Dan Herms, Tim Malinich, Jane Martin, Pam Sherratt, Amy Stone, and Curtis Young.
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May 13, 2004
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This is the Sixth 2004 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL).
BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension
agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio.
BYGL is also made available on the Internet from the Ohio State University
Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS) in Virtual Perspective website
(http://bygl.osu.edu). Additional fact sheet information on any of
these articles may be found through the OSU fact sheet database (http://plantfacts.osu.edu).
BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support
from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional
funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT).
Participants in the May 11, 2004 conference included: Pam Bennett (Clark); Barb Bloetscher (Entomology and C. Wayne Ellett Plant & Pest Diagnostic Clinic); Joe Boggs (Hamilton/South District); Jim Chatfield (North District/ Horticulture and Crop Science Department-HCS); Dave Dyke (Hamilton); Gary Gao (Clermont); Dave Goerig (Mahoning); Tim Malinich (Cuyahoga); Marianne Riofrio (State Master Gardener Coordinator/Hortculture and Crop Science); Dave Shetlar (Entomology); Amy Stone (Lucas); Nancy Taylor (Plant Pathology and C. Wayne Ellett Plant & Pest Diagnostic Clinic); Curtis Young (Allen County); and Randy Zondag (Lake).
Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found
through the OSU Factsheet Database (http://plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/)
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WEATHER WATCH
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Storms popped up and rains fell over much of the state, with totals varying greatly, even within a county. BYGLers have reported seeing samples of frost damage, including a hit on the early peach crop in the north. Starting in the south, here are this week's weather highlights.
Weather data collected in Piketon included: 0.72" of rain fell in May, compared to the average of 4.26"; and the actual year-to-date precipitation was 12.06", compared to 17.27". In Columbus, Jane Martin reported that this area has received 1.44" of moisture in May, +0.48". For the year, this area is +3.86". The weather summary from the Cleveland Hopkins Airport included: May's rainfall total of 1.61"; and as of the end of April, this area has received 105% of the average precipitation. Dave Goerig mentioned that Canfield is up 1.47" for the year, and up 0.57" for the month thus far. And finally, Toledo did received scattered showers over the weekend pushing the May total to 1.31". This northern area is still 4.37" below its average year-to-date total.
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HORT SHORTS
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PLANT PHENOLOGY
In the southern portion of the state, the following plants are in full bloom: Chinese snowball viburnum (Viburnum macrocephalum), Meyer lilac (Syringa meyeri), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Weigela (Weigela florida) is just beginning to bloom.
Plants observed to be in full bloom in the central Ohio area include: black cherry (Prunus serotina), Vanhoutte and bridalwreath spiraea (Spiraea x vanhouttei and S. prunifolia), European mountainash (Sorbus aucuparia), doublefile viburnum (V. plicatum var. tomentosum), wisteria (Wisteria chinensis), Kwanzan Japanese flowering cherry (P. serrulata 'Kwanzan'), blue holly (Ilex x meserveae 'Blue Boy', 'Blue Girl'), red buckeye (Aesculus pavia), Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum), Miss Kim lilacs (S. patula 'Miss Kim'), and weigela. A few fothergillas (Fothergilla gardenia) and flowering dogwoods (Cornus florida) still look good in this area.
Just starting to bloom up in the northwest area of the state is Miss Kim lilac and finishing up are redbud (Cercis Canadensis) and flowering dogwoods. The following plants are in full bloom: common lilac, Japanese kerria (Kerria japonica), and Washington hawthorn. Some of the crabapples (Malus spp.) are even still looking good.
Finally, in the far northeast portion of the state, in full bloom are burning bush (Euonymus alatus), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), Vanhoutte spiraea. Creeping phlox (Phlox subulata) are spectacular!
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GROWING DEGREE DAYS
The range of Growing Degree Day (GDD) accumulations in Ohio from north to south is 271 to 507. The following is the report of GDD for several locations around Ohio as of May 12, 2004.
As of Wednesday afternoon, GDD accumulations were: Painesville, 271; Cleveland, 291; Toledo, 357; Youngstown, 331; Lima, 326; Wooster, 352; Coshocton, 309; Columbus, 351; Springfield, 416; Dayton, 446; Cincinnati, 500; Ironton, 507; and Portsmouth, 507.
GDD is a measure of the daily maximum and minimum temperature and directly relates to growth and development of plants and insects. The GDD of any zip code location in Ohio is estimated using the GDD of ten OARDC weather stations and available on the web at: http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/gdd/
To put these GDD accumulations into perspective, the following is an abbreviated listing of plant and insect species with their respective phenological event and average GDD accumulations at which these events occur. Due to variations in weather, temperature, humidity, etc., these events may occur a few days earlier or later than predicted by the average GDD. By looking at a city, town, or village near you from the above list, or visiting the above web site, you can see what could be taking place in the landscape around you.
The following is a list of plants and their phenological events that occur at or around the following average GDD's, and insects and their phenological activities that have average GDD's close to the listed plants: blackhaw viburnum, first bloom, 269; imported willow leaf beetle, adult emergence, 274; sargent crabapple, full bloom, 298; red horsechestnut, first bloom, 304; pine needle scale, egg hatch - 1st generation, 305; cooley spruce gall adelgid, egg hatch, 308; eastern spruce gall adelgid, egg hatch, 308; Vanhoutte spirea, first bloom, 309; common lilac, full bloom, 315; winter king hawthorn, first bloom, 328; lilac borer, adult emergence, 330; common horsechestnut, full bloom, 344; doublefile viburnum, first bloom, 353; Black cherry, first bloom, 368; lesser peach tree borer, adult emergence, 372; Ohio buckeye, full bloom, 374; holly leafminer, adult emergence, 375; Vanhoutte spirea, full bloom, 406; euonymus scale (first generation), egg hatch, 406; black cherry, full bloom, 419; Miss Kim Manchurian lilac, first bloom, 422; locust leafminer, adult emergence, 437; doublefile viburnum, full bloom, 444; black locust, first bloom, 467; common ninebark, first bloom, 478; oystershell scale, egg hatch, 497; smokebush, first bloom, 501; and arrowwood viburnum, first bloom, 534.
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FROST DAMAGE...OR NOT???
Several BYGLers reported signs of frost damage on a number of plants as a result of the temperature drop last week. Pam Bennett noted that several perennials in the Gateway Learning Gardens in Springfield were damaged, as well as a 'Green Velvet' boxwood hedge. Samples of frost damage on sugar maples were observed as well later in the week. Prune out frost damaged foliage where possible and hope that the plant outgrows the damage.
This discussion was also a reminder that one shouldn't jump to conclusions when diagnosing plant problems. There are also disease and insect problems that might look like frost damage on a plant (and vice versa) until one inspects closely. Don't just assume from a distance - get a little closer to the plant and inspect.
For instance, Jim Chatfield noted that certain leaf rusts may sometimes mimic frost damage and Dave Shetlar commented that leaf miner injury can also look like frost damage. This was a great reminder to all as we enter the peak season for diagnosing plant problems.
In addition, don't forget that one may not see the damaged sample until much later in the season - a reminder to ask questions about the weather history and the history of the plant. For instance, hail may cause damage early in the season and you may not see a sample of the problem until later in the season when the damaged area starts to dry up and really shows. Ask questions!
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DON'T MISS THESE GARDENS
While on OSU's campus, be sure to stop at the Chadwick Arboretum Learning Gardens. They look fantastic right now with lots of great plants coming into bloom and others just emerging. The gardens are in front of Howlett and Kottman halls on the Ag campus. Garden areas include: the van Fossen Wildflower Garden, a Shade Garden , the Kleinmaier Perennial Garden and to be added this year, the Minton Rose Garden. There are also trial beds and containers along with a great displays of annuals in containers and beds woven throughout the garden.
These gardens are maintained by student workers, a small volunteer group, the Mayhew Scholars, and by Annette Duetz, supervisor. Most all of the plants (woodies, perennials and annuals) are labeled. Most all of the woodies are accessioned and one can find their information as well as much more information about the Chadwick on the website: http://chadwickarboretum.osu.edu/
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POISON-HEMLOCK: IT'S B-A-A-A-CK (BUT IT NEVER LEFT!)
Joe Boggs reported that poison-hemlock (Conium maculatum) is currently rising above surrounding vegetation, and its feathery, dark green, fern-like foliage is now becoming obvious in southern Ohio. Over the past several years, this highly toxic non-native plant has become a frequent topic of calls to Extension offices. Whether this is because the plant has become more common in Ohio, or just more commonly recognized, is open to debate. Regardless, this plant deserves respect, and a few lines in the BYGL. After all, it is generally believed that it was poison-hemlock, a native of Europe, that was responsible for the philosopher Socrates' untimely death...and possible famous last words: "I drank what?"
Poison-hemlock is a biennial member of the carrot family (Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae)), and it thrives along borders of fields, along roadsides, ditch banks, and in meadows. It has also become a landscape challenge, particularly in new housing developments built on fallow farm land. The plants may grow to a monstrous size, towering up to 8-10' tall, and it produces white umbel-like flowers which are typical of this family. In fact, poison-hemlock's flowers, dark glossy-green, fern-like, triangular leaves, and general growth habit may cause it to be mistaken for other weeds in the same family including: QUEEN ANNE'S LACE, or wild carrot (Daucus carota); and SPOTTED WATERHEMLOCK (Cicuta maculata).
Distinguishing between these weeds is very important from a safety perspective. Queen Anne's lace is not toxic and not a serious problem beyond its general status as a weed. However, both waterhemlock and poison-hemlock are considered to be among the most toxic plants in North America. All parts of the plants are toxic, especially the young leaves, stems, and seed. The toxicity of poison-hemlock centers on toxic alkaloids, including coniine and gamma-coniceine, which cause respiratory failure and death when ingested by humans and other animals.
The following characteristics may be useful in identifying these weeds. Queen Anne's lace has dark-green, hairy stems that are deeply ribbed vertically, and the leaf margins are hairy. Waterhemlock and poison-hemlock have light-green to bluish-green, hairless stems, that are smooth to only lightly ridged vertically. Their leaves lack hairs along the margins. Leaves of waterhemlock are 2-3 times pinnately compound while leaves of poison-hemlock are 3-4 times pinnately compound. Leaflets of both are much larger and more sharp-pointed than the twice-pinnately compound, lobed leaves of Queen Anne's lace. While both waterhemlock and poison-hemlock have purplish spots on the stems, waterhemlocks spots tend to become more elongated into streaks. Waterhemlock has a cluster of fleshy taproots at the base (it is a perennial weed), a feature that is not shared with poison-hemlock or Queen Anne's lace.
Waterhemlock and poison-hemlock can be controlled using selective post-emergence herbicide mixtures containing 2,4-D, 2,4-DP and MCPP, or 2,4-D, dicamba, and MCPP (e.g. Trimec). These weeds can also be killed using a non-selective post-emergence herbicide such as glyphosate (e.g. Roundup) where conditions pose a minimal risk to preferred plants. Applications of herbicides made now will control both the first season rosette stage of poison-hemlock and the second season flowering stage, before seeds are produced.
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SIMPLE SAMPLING STRATEGY
Plant pest diagnostics is never a simple matter. Improper or inadequate diagnosis can lead to misapplication of pesticides, crop loss and wasted money. However, it is very difficult to have clientele submit samples or sufficient information to aid in making a proper diagnosis. When working with plant pest problems follow a few simple strategies:
First, avoid phone diagnostics. Even clients that seem to provide sufficient information may be looking at the sample with different eyesthey may be missing vital clues present on the plant.
Second, internet contacts or mail with photos may miss the details needed for a good diagnostic workup. Some persons provide good images to work with, but most amateur photographers can only capture the big picture--the devil is again in the details that are missing.
Finally, provide a good sample. Plant samples should contain both diseased and normal tissues and preferably an area that includes the transition between them. The size of the sample should be large enough to contain more than one example. Individual leaves or a single insect is not sufficient. Also, package the sample to survive delivery. An envelope filled with leaf dust or pulverized insects will not result in a proper diagnosis. More information on sample selection and submission can be found at the C. Wayne Ellett Plant Pest Diagnostic Clinic website: http://ppdc.osu.edu/
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BUG BYTES
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FOURLINED PLANT BUGS ARE OUT
Dave Shetlar noted that this is the perfect time for "taking them out," if you are interested, that is. In many cases it is not necessary to control this pest. The damage is usually covered by new growth in most healthy perennials. However, if you are growing herbs for their foliage, you may want to eliminate them. No one really likes to eat a salad with brown spots on greens. If you want to control the fourlined plant bug, wet the foliage with an insecticidal soap.
Adult fourlined plant bugs are yellowish-green with 4 longitudinal black lines on the wing covers. Adults are about &frac;" in length. The nymphs are yellowish-green to bright red with blackish spots on the thorax. This is a sucking pest that feeds by "sucking" out the green colored part of the leaf from localized spots. The feeding sites turn brown and if abundant, they coalesce to form larger brown blotches. This pest has a wide range of host plants including many perennials, herbs and garden vegetables.
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PERIODICAL CICADA EMERGENCE BEGINS
Joe Boggs reported that the emergence of the Brood X edition of the periodical cicada (Magicicada spp.) is just getting underway in southwest Ohio. So far only a few hundred adults have emerged in Dr. Gene Kritsky's (Mount St. Joseph College) monitoring sites in the Cincinnati area, but Gene is predicting that the red-eye express is just around the corner.
With the long anticipated arrival of Brood X, there has been a considerable amount of information on this interesting insect provided by university sources as well as the news media. Here are a few salient points:
* Periodical cicadas belong to the insect order Homoptera, so they are sucking insects. Indeed, when viewed head-on, or from the side, the adults vaguely resemble giant aphids. This is one of the reasons the name "locust" is so inaccurate: cicadas do not have the chewing mouthparts of a grasshopper, the true locusts. Although cicada adults have sucking mouthparts, they do very little feeding, and their feeding damage is considered insignificant.
* The female cicadas produce the most dramatic damage when they lay eggs. They deposit eggs by jamming their long, sturdy ovipositors through the bark and into the wood of twigs and small branches. They prefer oviposition material with a diameter of 1/4 to 1 /2 inch. The females usually inch forward as they lay eggs which produces longitudinal slits. Multiple oviposition slits may kill the twigs and small branches, producing a symptom called "flagging." On a large tree, the damage is of minimal consequence to the overall health of the tree. However, damage on small trees may have a significant impact on tree health when a high percentage of branches are affected.
* The literature indicates females may lay eggs on over 270 species of plants, including most of the deciduous tree species found in Ohio. Some of the more unusual hosts include: Rose of Sharon, rose, raspberry, grape, black-eyed Susan, hollies, spirea, rhododendron, viburnum, junipers, and arborvitae. Egg laying has even been observed on annuals and herbaceous perennials. However, lists of possible oviposition hosts should always be viewed "through the lens of common sense." The nymphs that hatch from the eggs cannot move far from the oviposition host selected by the females, and the nymphs need to feed for 17 years. Rarely are cicadas a significant threat to herbaceous plants in home gardens and landscapes.
Joe indicated that the emergence of Brood X has generated some very interesting, and entertaining responses from the news and other media in his part of the state. Music CDs performed by local artists, and T-shirts heralding the arrival of the cicadas are widely available. People are having great fun with this insect. Joe noted one of the more entertaining offerings is a satirical tongue-in-cheek website that is guaranteed to generate more than a few belly-laughs. Check-out this fake "cicada-authority" site at: http://cicadaville.com/
Of course, no BYGL cicada report would be complete without the inclusion of a real cicada-authority web site. One of the best continues to be the periodical cicada web site produced by our own "Bug Doc," Dave Shetlar. The web address is: http://bugs.osu.edu/~bugdoc/PerioCicada/
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MAPLE PETIOLE BORER
Joe also noted that maple petiole borer (Caulocampus acericaulis) is beginning to produce noticeable leaf drop on its namesake in southwest Ohio. This is a sawfly that bores into the petioles of maples, and the affected leaves usually fall from the tree. The tiny sawfly larvae tunnel out the inner tissues of the petiole which causes the leaves to turn brown, droop, and the petioles to break a short distance from the leaf blade. Larvae remain inside the portion of the petiole attached to the twig, so raking and destroying fallen leaves will not reduce the population. There is only one generation per year and damage is seldom severe enough to cause serious harm to the tree.
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SPRAYING PROGRESSES
GYPSY MOTH caterpillars in Lucas County are munching their way into the 2nd instar. The Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) is working hard to complete the suppression treatments across Ohio this week. The first of two scheduled treatments was made on Wednesday, May 12 in western Lucas County. After the second treatment is complete, ODA will begin to focus efforts on the Slow-The-Spread (STS) Program.
Forty-three of Ohio's 88 counties have gypsy moth. In 2004, 2,842 acres were treated as part of the Suppression Program, and 87,050 acres will be treated as part of STS. Check out their website for further details on both treatment programs at: http.www.ohioagriculture.gov/gypsymoth.stm
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DISEASE DIGEST
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MAYAPPLE RUST
Is a spectacular annual reminder that plant pathogens interacting with plants is part of the fabric of nature, not just a landscape or garden aberration. The bright orange pustules of the mayapple rust fungus are now becoming more and more evident on the parasol-like leaves of may-apple in woodlands throughout the state. The disease is seen as yellow spots as symptoms on the upper leaf surfaces and incredibly bright orange pustules of the rust fungus itself on the undersurface of the leaves. In some cases these pustules result in major distortion and early senescence of the leaves. This is an autoecious rust, occurring only on may-apples, not going back and forth between two different plants such as with cedar apple rust (junipers and rosaceous hosts) or white pine blister rust (white pines and gooseberries). Populations of mayapples in the woods seem to handle the annual occurrence of this disease each year and no controls are recommended for these habitats.
Note: Two optional conventions were used in the item above for mayapples. You could call them mayapples or you could call them may-apples. Either the compound word or the hyphenated word is acceptable, though may apples as two separate words is not. Why? Because may-apples, Podophyllum peltatum, a plant in the Berberidaceae or barberry family, is obviously not a "true" apple (it is not in the genus Malus in the Rosaceae or rose family), and to indicate this the word is properly denoted by either hyphenating or compounding. Similar examples are pineapple and osage-orange.
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MOIST CHAMBER
Infectious diseases are popping up their ugly heads throughout the state on a wide range of plants. Here are a few additional snapshots:
* Pam Bennett noted ASH ANTHRACNOSE causing water-soaked grayish discoloration of ash leaves in west central Ohio. This disease often looks ominous but typically does not cause major damage, though it can result in some leaf drop in May and early June.
* PEACH LEAF CURL, with its reddish and orange discoloration, blistering, and curling of peach leaves, paid a visit to no less a personages new peach tree than the Bug-Doc, Dave Shetlar, proving that entomological expertise is no defense against the perils of plant pathogens.
* Nancy Taylor reports a confirmed sample of CYCLONEUSMA NEEDLECAST OF SCOTS PINE from the PPDC and noted that the sender must have read their BYGL 2004-5, since the sample was sent in perfectly (branches with the discolored needles attached, and also a bag of fallen needles collected from branch crotches, rather than from the ground).
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TURF TIPS
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SEEDY LAWNS
Warm temperatures in southern and central Ohio have stimulated some Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) plants to produce seedheads. This is a natural occurrence. However, it may temporarily reduce overall turf quality. Seedhead production saps energy from the plant, and may cause blades to become sparse and off-colored. Also, the seed stalks have fewer leaves and their woody structure resists mower blades, which adds to the eyesore. This change is seldom consistent throughout a home lawn, and it sometimes occurs in patches. Thus, "seedy" Kentucky bluegrass is often made more obvious with patches occurring in an otherwise smooth, dark green lawn.
Although seedhead production can affect turf quality, it is a short-term problem. Eventually the turfgrass will literally "out-grow" the problem. Of course, recovery will occur faster on lawns that have been properly maintained (e.g. proper fertilization, watering, mowing, etc.). Home owners may be tempted to lower their mowers to hasten the process by removing more seed stalks - this is not recommended since low-mowing will stress the lawn. The propensity to produce seedheads in lawns varies among Kentucky bluegrass cultivars, and this characteristic is evaluated in the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (http://www.ntep.org). Consequently, a more long-term solution may involve selecting cultivars that are less inclined to produce seedheads..
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INDUSTRY INSIGHT
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FUNGICIDE "FAILURES" - PART III
In the past two BYGLs, we discussed situations in which fungicides seemingly "failed", but actually the problem was simply improper diagnosis. Examples were when the diagnosis as a disease was mistaken and when diagnosis as to the type of disease (fungal vs. bacterial) was incorrect. In those cases, fungicides did not work, but of course could not be expected to work since fungal pathogens were not the problem. This time lets address a third factor relative to incorrectly assuming that the flaw lies in the fungicide.
* Faulty Fungicide Selection. Even if the problem is correctly diagnosed as a fungal disease, it is important to remember that all fungi are not equal - and all fungicides are not equal. For example, certain fungicides are effective against water mold fungi such as Pythium and Phytophthora, while other perfectly good fungicides work for other fungi, but not for water molds. I distinctly remember two decades ago using a soil drench systemic fungicide in cutting geranium production and still getting about 25% loss to Pythium blackleg disease. That was until we realized that the benzimadazole product we were using, while excellent for certain soil fungi, was next to useless for water molds. We shifted to a combination product which included a water mold fungicide (etridiazole) and we got good overall control of soil fungal pathogens, and a rate of Pythium blackleg of about 1%-2%. If this was simply a quaint historical footnote, then no matter, but we see the same mistakes being made today.
Remember that each fungicide has its strengths and weaknesses. By way of examples, chlorothalonil is great for Botrytis and many leaf spot and leaf blight fungi, propiconazole is excellent for rusts, powdery mildew and many leaf fungi, thiophanate-methyl is an excellent overall fungicide for leaf diseases and for certain root and crown rotting fungi but not water molds, and metalaxyl is excellent for water mold fungi but not other fungal disease problems.
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COMING ATTRACTIONS
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EMERALD ASH BORER UPDATE IN CLARK COUNTY
Dan Herms will be in Clark County on May 19th at Clark State Community College to present a program on this pest from 6:30 to 8:30 p.m. The event is free and open to the public. Call 328-4607 for further information.
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40th OHIO PLANT DIAGNOSTIC WORKSHOPS
As noted previously, four Ohio Plant Diagnostic Workshops are upcoming in early June. The programs will be taught by Joe Boggs and Jim Chatfield as well as the assembled talent at each site. Topics include Ash Diagnostics and Emerald Ash Borer, The 20 Questions of Plant Diagnostics, Sudden Oak Death and Ramorum Dieback, Perspectives on Invasive Species, and Diagnostic Challenges, a Diagnostic Walk and Diagnostic Sample Sharing. The cost is $30 and any proceeds after direct expenses will be used to support the OSU Clayton Wayne Ellett Plant & Pest Diagnostic Clinic.
Programs in June include:
June 1 - Secrest Arboretum, OARDC, Wooster OH. Contact Cheryl Fischnich at fischnich.1@osu.edu or 330-263-3832 or http://north.osu.edu/hort/DwkspCli.pdf
June 2 - Washington State Community College, Marietta OH. Contact Erik Barrett at barrett .90@osu.edu
June 3 - Lodge at River Bend in Hancock County, OH Contact Cheryl Fischnich at Fischnich.1@osu.edu or 330-263-3832 or Nancy Kronberg at kronberg.3@osu.edu
June 7 - Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum, Cincinnati, OH. Contact Joe Boggs at boggs.47@osu.edu or 513-946-8993
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WOODLAND STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
June 4 - NAME THAT TREE, OSU Woodland Stewardship Program, OSU Lima Campus, Lima, OH. Contact Curtis Young at young.2@osu.edu or 419-222-9946.
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BYGLOSOPHY
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"Earth knows no desolation. She smells regeneration in the moist breath of decay."
-- George Meredith
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