Pam Bennett, Barb Bloetscher, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Dave Goerig, Tim Malinich, Jane Martin, Hannah Mathers, Pam Sherratt, Amy Stone, and Curtis Young
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June 16, 2005
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This is the Eleventh 2005 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL).
BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension
agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio.
BYGL is also made available on the Internet from the Ohio State University
Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS) in Virtual Perspective website
(http://bygl.osu.edu). Additional fact sheet information on any of
these articles may be found through the OSU fact sheet database (http://plantfacts.osu.edu).
BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support
from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional
funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT).
Participants in the June 14, 2005 conference included: Jim Chatfield (Center at Wooster/HCS); Erik Draper (Geauga); Amy Fulcher (University of Kentucky, Department of Horticulture), Joe Rimelspach (Plant Pathology); Pam Sherratt (HCS); Dave Shetlar (Entomology); Curtis Young (Allen); and Randy Zondag (Lake)..
Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found
through the OSU Factsheet Database (http://plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/)
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WEATHER WATCH
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The sultry summer temperatures continue to make it muggy, sticky and just right for sweating buckets of water. Precipitation has been scattered and sporadic across Ohio but for the most part BYGLer's agree that soil moisture levels are very low. These dry soil conditions, combined with high temperatures, have caused many lawns to move into that yellow, brown summer dormancy appearance.
The thermostat has topped out at or near 90F for several days in several buckeye cities. Below is the weather summary data from June 1 - 14, 2005.
| Weather Station |
Region of Ohio |
Ave. High Temp F | Ave. Low Temp F | Ave. Temp F | Normal Ave. Temp F | Total Precip " | Normal Precip " | | Perry |
NE |
84.3 |
66 |
N/A | N/A |
2.24 |
N/A | | Hoytville |
NW |
87.3 |
64.2 |
75.0 |
67.7 |
0.41 |
1.83 |
| Columbus |
Central |
86.0 |
65.9 |
75.7 |
68.6 |
0.37 |
2.02 |
| Miami |
SW |
85.5 |
66.1 |
75.7 |
67.9 |
0.99 |
1.36 |
| Jackson |
South |
85.4 |
62.1 |
73.8 |
68.4 |
1.23 |
1.74 |
For additional information, or to see the locations of all of the OARDC weather stations in Ohio, check out the website at http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/centernet/weather.htm
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HORT SHORTS
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THOSE BLOOMIN' PLANTS
Plants in bloom reported by BYGLer's in the Northeast: Syringa reticulata 'Ivory Silk', wild blackberries, Cornus kousa, and Weigela. Plants starting to bloom: Catalpa speciosa, and Multiflora rose.
Plants in bloom from the Northwest: With the very hot weather over the past two weeks, blooming plants have been zooming through their blooming sequence. In less than a week's time, Peonies went from first bloom to pedal drop. Likewise, Catalpa speciosa started blooming last Tuesday (6/7/05) and by Friday (6/11/05) blossoms were covering the ground beneath the trees. Also in full bloom, elderberries, poison hemlock and wild parsnips.
Plants winding down from bloom from Columbus: Cornus kousa, Syringa recticulata 'Ivory Silk'.
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GDD (GROWING DEGREE DAYS)
GDD is a measure of the daily maximum and minimum temperature and directly relates to growth and development of plants and insects. The GDD of any zip code location in Ohio is estimated using the GDD of ten OARDC weather stations and available on the web at: http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/gdd/
The range of GDD accumulations in Ohio from north to south is 685 to 1,015. Following is a report of GDD for several locations around Ohio as of June 15, 2005: Painesville, 685; Cleveland, 691; Toledo, 791; Youngstown, 732; Lima, 741; Wooster, 807; Coshocton, 715; Columbus, 767; Springfield, 871; Dayton, 937; Cincinnati, 1,015; Ironton, 978; and Portsmouth, 980.
To put these GDD accumulations into perspective, the following is an abbreviated listing of plant and insect species with their respective phenological event and average GDD accumulations at which these events occur. Due to variations in weather, temperature, humidity, etc., these events may occur a few days earlier or later than predicted by the average GDD. By looking at a city, town, or village near you from the above list, or visiting the above web site, you can see what could be taking place in the landscape around you.
Black vine weevil, first leaf notching due to adult feeding, 677; sweet mockorange, full bloom, 717; Washington hawthorn, full bloom, 731; calico scale, egg hatch, 748; European fruit lecanium scale, egg hatch, 767; greater peach tree borer, adult emergence, 775; striped pine scale, egg hatch, 783; winterberry holly, first bloom, 794; Japanese tree lilac, full bloom, 808; rhododendron borer, adult emergence, 815; northern catalpa, full bloom, 816; mountain laurel, full bloom, 822; dogwood borer, adult emergence, 830; oakleaf hydrangea, first bloom, 835; cottony maple scale, egg hatch, 851; panicle hydrangea, first bloom, 856; fall webworm, egg hatch (first generation), 867; mimosa webworm, egg hatch (first generation), 874; fuzzy deutzia, full bloom, 884; winged euonymus scale, egg hatch, 892; spruce budscale, egg hatch, 894; winterberry holly, full bloom, 897; panicled goldenraintree, first bloom, 924; June bride littleleaf linden, first bloom, 953; azalea bark scale, egg hatch, 957; Japanese beetle, adult emergence, 970; rosebay rhododendron, first bloom, 1010; and greenspire littleleaf linden, full bloom, 1047.
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STRAWBERRIES PUCKER PICKERS
Erik Draper reported that the unusually hot days and warm nights were causing some strawberry pickers to pucker up when sampling strawberries out in the field. Like any good Extension educator, this strange phenomenon called for a hands-on research approach, so Erik gladly volunteered to taste his way across strawberry fields to help find a solution. The problem was that the strawberries were a deep red in color and appeared to be ripe, but when they were eaten the high acid content caused them to be tart and not sweet. Hence, pickers puckered as they paused to sample their plump pickings!
An explanation for the tantalizing, yet tart fruit soon emerged from the numerous taste tests conducted by the big fruit.... lover. Upon close inspection of the fruit, it was noted that the side of the berry facing out, towards the sun, was a gorgeous deep red. If you bit off just the side which was red (Erik did a lot of this in the interest of science), the fruit was sweet and ripe. However, if you looked closely at the color of the fruit which was facing away from the sun it was that almost ready to pick red-orange color. Good strawberry pickers know this color means that in a day or two that fruit will be ready to be picked.
This meant that part of the berry was ripe while the other part of the berry was about two days from being ripe and the unripe portion was causing the "green zing" flavor. Sunny days with temperatures in the upper 80's combined with very warm nights (upper 60's), caused the fruit to change from green to red in as little as 3-4 days. Those two weeks of nice sunny, hot days resulted in uneven ripening of the strawberries. Even though the fruit was partially red, it was not ready! The fruit was physiologically immature so the acid content was high and tended to overwhelm the slight sweet of the ripe portion. If one waited for the shaded portion to ripen, then the sunny side would be over-ripe. The best thing to do... cut them up on top of vanilla ice cream! And then hope for some more moderate temperatures to allow the berries to gradually mature at much less rapid rate.
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GREAT GROWING FOR VEGGIES
Although the warm, humid weather is tough for the gardener out trying to control weeds, it has been great for plant growth. Most commercial vegetable growers use a black plastic mulch to facilitate weed control, reduce water loss, rapidly increase soil temperatures and maintain that high soil temperature. The combination of irrigation, black plastic, applying fertilizer through the drip tape and high temperatures has caused plants to grow like crazy. A few growers swear that tomato plants are growing 2-3" each day. Other veggie growers state that they can't remember the last time that they have seen plants growing so fast and so well. Happy vegetable gardeners will take this sunny weather as long as it hangs around, especially after the past two years of cool, wet miserable gardening conditions. Having to drag a hose around to water every day sure beats having to wear hip waders to go pick tomatoes!
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The WOODY OF THE WEEK is SWEETBAY MAGNOLIA (Magnolia virginiana)
Even with head bent and while preoccupied with weighty matters BYGLer Jim Chatfield noticed one of its most pleasant traits while entering the OARDC library to write his BYGL items this past Wednesday. The floral aroma was marvelous! Sweetbay magnolia is a small (15-20) foot specimen tree or multi-stemmed shrub with excellent foliage and flower characteristics. Lustrous bluish-green upper leaf surfaces are complemented by silvery lower leaf surfaces when buffeted by wind. Flowers are creamy-white, and as noted are wonderfully fragrant and bloom sporadically throughout the summer. Orange-red fruits expose reddish seeds. Excellent magnolia for wet areas.
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BUG BYTES
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THE LITTLE GREEN MENACE
Amy Fulcher of the University of Kentucky reported on activity of POTATO LEAFHOPPER (PLH), Empoasca fabae on maples in nursery production areas scouted regularly in their nursery IPM program. PLH is a very small, bright green leafhopper. PLH can not survive winter conditions in much of the U.S. including both Kentucky and Ohio, and must migrate back into these states on an annual basis. It does live year round in the Gulf Coast region and is carried north each year via weather fronts. This leafhopper can have four to five generations a year in Ohio once it gets here.
Despite what its name implies, PLH has a very broad host range on which it can feed and reproduce and cause injury of several kinds. PLH is a serious pest of crops such as alfalfa and potatoes as well as many ornamental trees and shrubs. Amy reported on significant damage on 'Red Sunset' and 'October Glory' maples. Leaves on these trees were cupped and new growth was stunted. However, Amy also noted that 'Autumn Blaze' showed limited or no PLH damage symptoms. Jim Chatfield and Dave Shetlar also added hedge maple to the list of maples showing significant injury due to PLH feeding. Dave also said that wisteria vine can be badly damaged by PLH causing the tips of leaves to brown out and die.
Growers of nursery stock and landscapers need to be on the look out for PLH especially on plants with new growth still expanding could be damaged by their feeding.
PLH is a sucking insect. As leafhoppers insert their piercing-sucking mouth parts into plant tissue, the combination of a pulverizing feeding motion and injection of saliva blocks the normal flow of nutrients in the plant. PLH feeds on both leaves and tender young shoots. Damage symptoms include discoloration of leaf tissue, marginal scorching of leaves, called "hopperburn," distorted leaf and shoot growth, reduction in shoot extension. Reduced shoot vigor can result in winter dieback. Adults are highly attracted to vigorously growing trees with a lot of new flush growth.
Several tree species that are very susceptible to injury include amur, hedge, Norway and sugar maples, birches, apple, chestnut, and Persian walnut. These trees can be injured both in the landscapes and nurseries areas, especially if located near alfalfa production fields. Insecticide sprays will need to be applied in production areas to prevent reduced plant growth and vigor and to avoid distorted tree shape due to dieback and stunting. Some insecticides that appear to have fairly good activity against the PLH include foliar sprays of imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin (Tempo®). Read insecticide labels carefully for application restrictions and potential chemical injury to host plants. Refer to OSU Extension Bulletin 504, "Insect and Mite Control on Woody Ornamentals and Herbaceous Perennials" for further details.
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BAGWORM UPDATE - THEY HAVE HATCHED!
The start of bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) egg hatch appears to coincide with Japanese tree lilac first bloom, full bloom of Kousa dogwood, and the end of bloom for 'Winter King' hawthorn. Egg hatch took about a week to complete in Columbus. The end of bagworm egg hatch appeared to have been reached when the tree lilacs began to show bloom decline and the catalpas were beginning to drop flowers.
Management of the bagworm can be accomplished most easily while the larvae are young and small. At this time the biological insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt (e.g., Dipel, Thuricide, or Caterpillar Attack) can be quite effective against the bagworm. But dont wait too long for once the caterpillars reach 3/4" and larger, the effectiveness of Bt declines rapidly. After this time, more traditional insecticides will be needed. However, dont wait till late in the growing season to manage the bagworm, because even the traditional insecticides lose their effectiveness against bagworms close to maturity (1 1/4" to 1 ½" long). Refer to OSU Extension Bulletin 504, "Insect and Mite Control on Woody Ornamentals and Herbaceous Perennials" for details on effective insecticides.
For early season management, look closely for new larvae feeding on the foliage. They may be difficult to see because they are so small and hidden within their new bags. Dave Shetlar describes the young bagworms as either being in the "Dunce Cap" stage or the "Spindle" stage. When the young caterpillars first begin to construct their bags, they look like little dunce caps. As they get a little bigger, about 3/8" long, the bag takes on a more spindle shape. Before applying an insecticide treatment, search targeted plants to be certain the bagworms are there. An infestation from last year is not a guarantee they will be there this year. There are several parasites and predators as well as inclement weather that can decimate a bagworm population over the winter.
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WINDSHIELD WIPE
* SUCKING BUGS. "Summer Aphids" are rapidly developing on a number of plants including: Oak leaf aphid on oak leaves and an aphid species on shrub honeysuckle. Both of these aphids are producing copious quantities of honeydew that is covering leaves and other objects under wherever they are feeding. Along with the aphids, oak lace bugs are actively feeding, building in population and their feeding activity is stippling oak leaves, especially white oak species.
* DOGWOOD BORER. The dogwood borer, a clearwing moth, is definitely flying in the Columbus area. Dave Shetlar discovered a dogwood borer flying around some shrubs this past weekend (6/12/05).
* WARM SEASON SPIDER MITES. The warm season spider mites, such as the two-spotted spider mite, are rapidly building in population on numerous landscape plants. Wilting and discolored foliage should be checked closely for spider mite activity.
* EMERALD ASH BORER. Adult emerald ash borers have emerged in Michigan and are actively flying about in search of mates and hosts to lay eggs on.
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DISEASE DIGEST
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DUTCH ELM DISEASE (DED)
Many people ask if Dutch elm disease is still with us in Ohio. The answer is - yes. Many BYGLers have noted evidence suggestive of DED while driving along highways in recent weeks. Flagging (wilting and browning of branches high in the canopy) and complete browning and death on roadside American elms (Ulmus americana) and other elm species (such as rock elm, slippery elm) is now apparent and stands out in canopies. To verify whether or not DED is present on a tree (or for other vascular wilt pathogens), when sending samples to the PPDC it is important to send twig and branch samples from the transition area (from affected to unaffected plant tissue). Twigs should be about 1/2" or more in diameter and at least 6-8" long.
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OAK ANTHRACNOSE
Oak anthracnose continues to be reported from across the state. Blotchy distorted areas on leaves, especially lower in the canopy can appear to be quite severe, though damage to plant health is typically minimal. It can be quite dramatic to compare relatively unaffected oaks in the red oak group (pin oak, scarlet oak, black oak, red oak) to Eastern white oaks which are "hammered" by oak anthracnose.
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BOTRYOSPHAERIA DIEBACK ON VIBURNUMS
Botryosphaeria dieback on Viburnums is beginning to be evident in this season's growth in some landscapes. This problem is especially common on double-file and cranberrybush viburnums. The symptoms start with off-colored leaves on the ends of affected shoots. These leaves then begin to wilt and eventually brown and die. Look for roughened bark-cracking cankers further back on the stem and then prune out those branches further back at a strong lateral bud.
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TURF TIPS
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HIDDEN INSECT TURF DAMAGE
Dave Shetlar reported having major concerns for the health of turfgrass across Ohio. Dave feels that if hot and dry conditions continue for another week or two, turf all across Ohio will apparently "go dormant" but it will not return when the rains do! The lack of turfgrass with the rains will be the result of BILLBUG LARVAE and CHINCH BUGS. According to Dave, billbug larvae are just now getting to turf crowns and most of the chinch bug nymphs have hatched from a bumper crop of eggs produced by overwintered adults.
The billbug attack will be the most difficult for many people to properly diagnose. Affected turf simply turns straw colored, just as if it was going into heat and drought dormancy. Do the "tug test" on such turf to see if it has gone dormant or has been damaged by billbugs. Grasp grass stems that have turned straw color and pull upward. If they break off easily and the broken ends reveal hollow stems that are packed with a fine sawdust-like material, you have discovered billbug attack! If the stems don't break off easily and the broken ends are shriveled, not packed with the frass (the correct name for the sawdust-like feces), you have dormant turf.
The chinch bugs are a bit more difficult to visualize, unless you have someone who has been previously trained show you how to look for signs. Early chinch bug feeding clogs some of the vascular bundles of the turf leaf sheaths and stems. This causes the tissues to turn a purple-pink color. Once you've seen this, it's hard to miss! Soon, affected stems turn a yellowish color, then die, again looking to the untrained eye to be turf going dormant.
Chinch bug damaged turf tends to first die in small patches and this damage is often misdiagnosed as dollar spot or leaf-spot diseases. To properly diagnose chinch bug problem, you will have to get down on your hand-and-knees, separate the turf canopy and look for the chinch bug nymphs (which should be bright orange at this stage) within the thatch. If you don't find the bugs in three to four looks, the turf may be going dormant or has been attacked by disease.
The real problem with both insects is the need for rapid response! In the current drought conditions, billbugs and chinch bugs can kill large patches of the turf, necessitating reseeding this fall. Since the billbug larvae will be in the soil by now, they are much more difficult to control. You will almost have to treat them as white grubs - e.g., use a pesticide known for activity against grub-like larvae and heavily water in the application to move the pesticide to the targets. It may already be too late to do a rescue treatment for billbugs in southern Ohio, there may only be about a week left in central Ohio and northern Ohio has a little longer period to diagnose and deal with the problem.
Products containing Sevin® (carbaryl) can do a pretty good job, but imidacloprid (Merit®, Bayer Advanced Season Long Grub Control®, etc.) application immediately followed by 3/8-inch to 1/2-inch of irrigation may be much more effective. As you get further into June, these "rescue" treatments will become less and less effective. Professionals should also consider using Allectus® (contains imidacloprid plus bifenthrin) or Arena® (clothianidin) for rescue treatments.
Chinch bug control is a bit easier, as effective products usually take out the nymphs and adults at all stages of development. However, the longer that the bugs have to feed, the more turf they kill! At present, products containing bifenthrin (Talstar®) have given the best performance for control of chinch bugs, but lambda-cyhalothrin (Scimitar®), deltamethrin (DeltaGard®) and beta-cyfluthrin (Tempo Ultra®) have performed quite satisfactorily. Imidacloprid and clothianidin also control chinch bugs, but they may take 10 to 14 days to achieve maximum control. However, the use of imidacloprid or clothianidin now should also provide protection of the turf from white grub attack if rains return in July.
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INDUSTRY INSIGHT
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GROWING MEDIA PROBLEMS
Control of media pH can be a big problem for many nursery growers. Most growers dont monitor media pH or soluble salts on a regular basis. An inappropriate media pH can result in poor growth and/or discolored plants. Unfortunately, the cause of the problem is not identified until it is too late to correct the problem. There are several things a grower can do to prevent pH problems. First, whether a grower buys a premixed planting media or formulates their own potting mixture, be sure to monitor product when it is delivered. This is rarely done and leads to problems because it is difficult to alter media once plants are placed in the containers. Purchasing the media products in larger volumes will provide more uniformity, especially if growers are planting large numbers of containers at certain times of the year.
Growers can add products such as slow-release fertilizers and lime or sulfur to produce the right nutritional balance and environment for plant root growth. As was found with phosphates, many nutrients are washed out of the mix before plants can use them. Many fresh or "green" media products will lose nitrogen to organisms that break down components in mixtures. Testing components will help growers prevent pH and nutrient issues from occurring, especially if growers are uniformly mixing and adjusting their container medias.
Growers should check the pH and soluble salt levels of each batch of premixed media before potting. The pH and soluble salt levels will help growers determine if these products are acceptable for use within their planting scheme. Dry pine bark can cause the pH to rise and create high soluble salt levels. These products need to be watered slowly and turned before they are added to mixes to assure good plant growth. No two peat mosses have the same pH or drainage capacity. Hardwood barks tend to release large amounts of elements that raise pH in some medias. If composts are being added to growing mixes be sure to know their soluble salt levels and pH before adding them to the mix. These products help hold water and add micro-nutrients but they can also cause pH problems in some mixes. Growers should make up a sample mix and allow it to sit for a couple of weeks and then test it for pH and soluble salts.
Water can have a significant affect on pH. Check the pH and hardness of water sources every couple of weeks. Be sure to chart the changes to determine if anything needs to be done to moderate those changes. Be careful if you plan to inject acid or chlorine for they can create other problems with nutrient and root health.
The Solvita testing kits by Woods End® Research, allows growers to detect carbon-dioxide (CO2) ammonia (NH4) levels. The CO2 levels will tell a grower how well a mixture has composted. This is important in determining how much shrinkage and biological activity a potting mixture will undergo. The NH4 will help growers understand the possible carbon:nitrogen ratio and its affect on soil pH. With these tests growers can determine what pH modifications will need to be done, how active the mix is, and what shrinkage they can expect, as well as what their potential will be for hosting biological control agents. In some cases growers may decide to increase or decrease some products in the mix to achieve their goals. This test can also help growers determine if products should be added to their mixture or if the mixture needs to be composted further or modified. If growers look at pH, soluble salt, CO2 and NH4 readings they will develop a growing media that will cause fewer problems during the growing season. For more information on Solvita kits and compost quality, check the Ohio compost quality power point presentations found at www.lake.osu.edu . When you get to the website, click on the horticulture and natural resource section. The power point presentations are listed there and are available for you to review.
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COMING ATTRACTIONS
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SECREST PERENNIAL SCHOOL
The 2005 Perennial School is scheduled for June 21 and 22 at Secrest Arboretum in Wooster, Ohio. It will be an intensive two-day course pertaining to herbaceous perennials. From plant selection to inspiring landscape design, soils, nutrients, insects and diseases, specialty plant groups such as hostas, ferns, and water plants there is something for everyone. Plant identification and diagnostic walks are schedule as part of the event, and it is open to everyone with a strong personal or professional interest in landscape horticulture. The two-day school includes meals, reference materials, recertification credits, and costs only $185 per attendee, with no single day registration option available.
You won't want to miss this opportunity for personal enrichment and professional growth. Please request an application by e-mail to or by calling the Secrest Arboretum office at 330.263.3761. All applications must be mailed with payment of $185.00 made out to Secrest Arboretum. A reply by June 17 would be greatly appreciated.
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OHIO PLANT DIAGNOSTIC WORKSHOP- CENTRAL OHIO
The central Ohio version of this traveling workshop will be held from 10:00 am. to 3:00 pm., on Friday, June 24, on the OSU Campus in Howlett Hall (the "horticulture" building). The action-packed diagnostic agenda includes: updates on emerald ash borer and sudden oak death; a general overview of last year's problems; "what's happening now in Ohio;" and the ever-popular walk-til-you-drop Diagnostic Walk-About. Instructors include Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, and Joe Boggs.
The registration fee is $30.00 and covers the cost of a wonderful box lunch, a single day parking pass for campus and training materials. The registration deadline is Monday, June 20. To register, get the flyer from the web at franklin.osu.edu/hort/hort.htm (click on "Ohio Diagnostic Workshop") or contact Jane Martin, OSU Extension, Franklin County, at 614-247-6046 or e-mail at Martin.16@osu.edu and she will mail you a flyer. We hope you can join us!
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CLEVELAND DIAGNOSTIC WALKABOUT
The second diagnostic walkabout in the greater Cleveland area this summer occurs Thursday June 30 in beautiful Sunset Memorial Park, 6265 Columbia Rd., North Olmsted. Charles Behnke and Tim Malinich, horticulture educators with Ohio State University Extension will take a critical look at landscape and turf problems during the early morning walkabouts. Recertification credits available for 8 and 6A. Call 216-397-6023 to request a registration flyer with more information.
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PLANT HEALTH CARE WORKSHOP
You won't wanting miss Identification and Management of Weeds in Landscapes and Nurseries! Come join the fun at this year's Plant Health Care Workshop in Wooster on July 12 -13. There will also be a pre-conference weed identification workshop on July 11.
The Plant Health Care Workshop combines proven concepts and practical information to help green industry professionals manage ornamental landscapes and urban forests. Topics for this year's seminar include weed ecology, invasive weeds, weed identification, integrated strategies to manage weeds, and proper selection and use of herbicides.
Registration is limited to 40 participants. The program costs are as follows: Weed ID workshop only, $65; Plant Health Care Workshop, $225; or all three days, $260. For registration and program information, contact Denise Ellsworth or Diane Dunphy at 330-928-4769.
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BYGLOSOPHY
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"A society grows great when old men plant trees whose shade they know they shall never sit in." - Greek proverb
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