Pam Bennett, Barb Bloetscher, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Dave Goerig, Tim Malinich, Jane Martin, Hannah Mathers, Pam Sherratt, Amy Stone, and Curtis Young
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June 30, 2005
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This is the Thirteenth 2005 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL).
BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension
agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio.
BYGL is also made available on the Internet from the Ohio State University
Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS) in Virtual Perspective website
(http://bygl.osu.edu). Additional fact sheet information on any of
these articles may be found through the OSU fact sheet database (http://plantfacts.osu.edu).
BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support
from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional
funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT).
Participants in the June 28, 2005 conference included: Pam Bennett (Clark); Joe Boggs (Hamilton/Piketon); Jim Chatfield (Center at Wooster/HCS); Erik Draper (Geauga); Dave Dyke (Hamilton); Dave Shetlar (Entomology); Amy Stone (Lucas); Nancy Taylor (CWEPPDC); and Curtis Young (Allen)..
Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found
through the OSU Factsheet Database (http://plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/)
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WEATHER WATCH
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The weather has everyone watching. Showers, thunderstorms, and even downpours, remain localized and rainfall amounts are hit and miss. Below is the weather summary data from June 1 - 29, 2005.
| Weather Station |
Region of Ohio |
Ave. High Temp F | Ave. Low Temp F | Ave. Temp F | Normal Ave. Temp F | Total Precip " | Normal Precip " | | Perry |
NE |
81.8 |
63.5 |
N/A | N/A |
3.74 |
N/A | | Hoytville |
NW |
86.1 |
61.3 |
73.6 |
69.4 |
0.72 |
3.43 |
| Columbus |
Central |
85.8 |
63.1 |
74.4 |
70.3 |
2.88 |
4.33 |
| Miami |
SW |
86.1 |
64.3 |
75.1 |
70.1 |
1.79 |
3.10 |
| Jackson |
South |
85.4 |
59.1 |
72.5 |
69.8 |
1.25 |
4.51 |
For additional information, or to see the locations of all of the OARDC weather stations in Ohio, check out the website at http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/centernet/weather.htm
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HORT SHORTS
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GDD (GROWING DEGREE DAYS)
GDD is a measure of the daily maximum and minimum temperature and directly relates to growth and development of plants and insects. The GDD of any zip code location in Ohio is estimated using the GDD of ten OARDC weather stations and available on the web at: http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/gdd/
The range of GDD accumulations in Ohio from north to south is 956 to 1,347. Following is a report of GDD for several locations around Ohio as of June 29, 2005: Painesville, 956; Cleveland, 963; Toledo, 1,092; Youngstown, 1,006; Lima, 1,044; Wooster, 1,086; Coshocton, 1,012; Columbus, 1,075; Springfield, 1,180; Dayton, 1,257; Cincinnati, 1,347; Ironton, 1,276; and Portsmouth, 1,279.
To put these GDD accumulations into perspective, the following is an abbreviated listing of plant and insect species with their respective phenological event and average GDD accumulations at which these events occur. Due to variations in weather, temperature, humidity, etc., these events may occur a few days earlier or later than predicted by the average GDD. By looking at a city, town, or village near you from the above list, or visiting the above web site, you can see what could be taking place in the landscape around you.
June bride littleleaf linden, first bloom, 953; azalea bark scale, egg hatch, 957; Japanese beetle, adult emergence, 970; rosebay rhododendron, first bloom, 1010; greenspire littleleaf linden, full bloom, 1047; southern catalpa, full bloom, 1073; June bride littleleaf linden, full bloom, 1115; bottlebrush buckeye first bloom, 1158; panicled goldenraintree, full bloom, 1251; rose-of-Sharon, first bloom, 1347; and pine needle scale egg hatch, 1349.
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PLANT OF THE WEEK
Read all about perennials and landscape trees and shrubs in the new publications "Perennial Plants for Ohio" and "Landscape Plants for Ohio" published by the Ohio Nursery & Landscape Association (ONLA). The descriptions and photographs of plants were provided for this new publication by the OSU ENLT Team along with other industry plant lovers. These full-color publications are available at http://Buckeyegardening.com for $5.00. Click on "garden store" and then "onla plant guides." ONLA members can purchase these in quantities at a reduced price at http://onla.org
*PERENNIAL PLANT OF THE WEEK. Hemerocallis spp. - Hemerocallis in Greek means "beauty for a day" and its true that each bloom lasts just a day. However, there are numerous buds on each flowering scape, keeping most plants in bloom for a month or more. Breeders have developed daylilies in every size and color imaginable except for blues. Plants bloom in early, mid-, or late season, and there are two reliable reblooming cultivars. There are also "tetraploid" daylilies that have double the number of chromosomes for more abundant, larger, robust blooms with heavier texture. Numerous cultivars are available.
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JUST SAY NO TO SOIL CRACKS!
After all of the hoopla about how much water fell this spring, some people find it hard to believe that we are entering a period of DROUGHT STRESS. As the hot dry weather continues across the state BYGLer's mentioned seeing some of the warning signs of impending water deficits. The two most reliable harbingers of drought stress are river birch (Betula nigra) and tulip trees (Liriodendron tulipifera). These two plants show their disdain for water deficits by causing the older leaves to turn yellow and fall to the ground. This leaf drop is a self-preservation mechanism used to slow water loss by the tree. Less leaves on the tree means less water used to cool them and keep them functional.
Leaves are critical for manufacturing carbohydrates utilized in each and every life sustaining process within the tree! So the balancing game begins and will continue as long as water resources remain limited. Bear in mind that all plants need water, but the real question is how much.
Woody plants, which have been established in the landscape for at least 3 or 4 years, are tougher and can go without water for longer periods of time. Of course the time frame will most certainly depend upon the species of plant, and the extent and depth of their root systems. Therefore, if the plants are young or have been transplanted within the last year, they will need water more often. A small tree, up to a 2.5" caliper, will need about 5 gallons of water every 7-10 days to survive. Larger trees, 3-4" caliper, will need about 10 gallons per tree every 7-10 days. Older established trees can be left alone until the margins of the leaves begin to turn brown (i.e. leaf scorch). Two inches of water should be applied to the area beneath the entire crown of the tree. This irrigation will merely help the tree survive another 3- 4 weeks without rain if necessary. Don't rely on passing scattered thundershowers to do the job properly because it just won't work! With the soils being so dry and parched, a good steady, gentle soaking is necessary to wet the soil down into the soil profile, otherwise the water will just run off.
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DONT BE A DRIP, SOAK IT!
The combination of high temperatures and the lack of rain causes the avid gardener to drag hoses from place to place, desperately trying to keep every plant alive. Often the "reeling" gardener forgets the critical questions of when to begin watering, how often to water, and how much water to apply at each irrigation. When to begin watering depends upon the type of plant and its growth phase. For example, if you wish to avoid blossom end rot on tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants, once flowers form and the fruit is set, 1" of water is needed about every three days. Most vegetables will not produce the expected yields if water is limited.
Fruit quality, size, and quantity all depend on proper irrigation. If water is limited during the initial period after fruit set and up until color development, the fruit will never reach its maximum size potential. Therefore, most water-limited fruit crops end up producing dinky fruit ... no one likes to buy or eat dinky fruit. Water is critical for fruit crops from the time blooms drop off until harvest. For example, right now raspberries and blueberries are sizing and ripening. Because both these fruits crops are shallow rooted, they may need 1" of water every other day to once a week. The number of days between irrigations will depend upon air temperatures, wind speed, relative humidity, and the fruit load of that plant. The largest, best fruits are those full of water, sugars and ... teeth marks!
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BUG BYTES
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FALL (SUMMER?) WEBWORM
Although summer has just officially arrived, fall webworms (Hyphantria cunea) have already been observed casting their silk nests over leaves in southern, central, and eastern Ohio. Indeed, Joe Boggs reported observing a large nest in a crabapple that had already been abandoned by pupating caterpillars, and Dave Shetlar noted caterpillars in nests in northeast Ohio are about half-way through in their development. Could the common name for this insect be wrong?
No, this insect has two generations in Ohio, and this is the first generation. Larvae of both generations construct silk nests that envelop leaves, and the caterpillars feed on the leaves within these nests. However, caterpillars of the first generation seldom construct nests that are as dramatic and apparent as the second generation. This is due to the egg laying behavior of the female moths, and the potentially greater number of moths in the second generation.
First generation moths tend to lay eggs on or near the nests from which they developed. The second generation caterpillars build on the construction efforts of the first generation thus, they continue to expand the nests. Also, unless the first generation is decimated by disease and/or parasites, there are simply more moths in the second generation, so there are more nests. The autumn appearance of large nests, and more nests, supports the notion that this is a "fall" insect.
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SUMMER CATS
Last week, we reported that early instar hickory tussock moth (Lophocampa caryae) caterpillars were skeletonizing oak leaves in southwest Ohio. This week, Dave Shetlar noted that we should soon expect to see a few other "summer caterpillars" including first generation WALNUT CATERPILLARS (Datana integerrima), and YELLOWNECKED CATERPILLARS (D. ministra). Both the first and second generations of these two general defoliators often occur at about the same time, and since both species share some general traits, and common hosts, the two are sometimes misidentified.
Both species of moths lay eggs on the underside of leaves. First instar caterpillars often go unnoticed since they only skeletonize the lower leaf epidermis. Damage becomes more apparent when the caterpillars reach the second instar stage and consume most of the leaf, except for the midvein. In later instars, they devour whole leaves, often including the petiole. Caterpillars of both species are gregarious feeders, so defoliation tends to occur one branch at a time, unless populations are high and multiple groups are feeding on many branches. Both species of caterpillars have the interesting habit of rearing their front and tail ends in unison to ward off offenders. Also, they both pass through several color phases, meaning that the larvae change color patterns as they mature.
The yellownecked caterpillars have black heads, and a bright orange "neck, or prothorax, that gives them their common name. The caterpillars pass through three distinct color phases during their development. First instar caterpillars are copper colored with no distinct lines. The next color phase begins with the second instar caterpillars during which they have distinct alternating longitudinal yellow and orangish-red lines. Last instar caterpillars show the third color phase with alternating longitudinal black and yellow lines. Although all instars have hairs, they are most evident during the last instar stage.
Walnut caterpillars also have three color phases. They hatch as a yellow caterpillar, and remain this color through the second instar stage. During the third and fourth instar stages, the caterpillars are brick red with faint white stripes. In the final instar stage, the caterpillars are grayish black with long, soft white hairs. Walnut caterpillars practice an unusual molting behavior. When molting, they group together on the bark of their host tree and all molt at the same time, leaving behind a mass of hairy exoskeletons that looks like a patch of fur.
The yellownecked caterpillars feed on a wide variety of trees including: crabapples, flowering fruit trees, maples, elms, nut trees, beech, lindens, honey locusts, and boxwoods. There are two, and sometimes three, generations in Ohio. As their common name implies, walnut caterpillars favor walnut trees, but they will also feed on hickories, birches, oaks, and willows. This species appears to have only two generations per season in Ohio. Caterpillars of both species feed for 4 -6 weeks until full grown (about 2" long), then they drop from the trees and pupate in underground cells. Although the damage caused by both types of caterpillars can be devastating to small trees in landscapes, these caterpillars are seldom considered a serious pest in woodlands.
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LACE BUGS SUCK...PLANT JUICES
Several BYGLers reported that lace bug damage is becoming very evident on a number of deciduous and broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs. These insects are grouped in the Hemipteran family, Tingidae. Their common name comes from the lacy-like venation of the broad, flat, whitish-colored forewings that cover most of the insects body. As with all Hemipterans, lace bugs feed with sucking mouthparts.
Most lace bugs feed on the underside of leaves, but symptoms appear on the upper leaf surface. Damage symptoms first appear as small yellow spots, or stippling. The spots may coalesce causing leaves to become bronze colored, which superficially resembles spider mite feeding damage. However, lace bugs produce brown to black tar spots of excrement that is readily apparent on the undersides of the leaves.
Species of lace bugs that are currently causing the most obvious damage on broadleaf evergreens include: andromeda lace bug (Stephanitis takeyai); azalea lace bug (S. pyriodes); and rhododendron lace bug (S. rhododendri). Lace bugs causing obvious stippling to deciduous trees and shrubs include: oak lace bug (Corythuca arcuata); sycamore lace bug (C. ciliata); hawthorn lace bug (C. cydoniae); and walnut lace bug (C. juglandis).
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BACKYARD FLASHERS
Several BYGLers commented on the abundant light displays that are taking place in backyards, gardens, meadows, and woods. The producers and directors of these light displays are the FIREFLIES (Family Lampyridae). Also called LIGHTNING BUGS, these insects are neither bugs (Order Hemiptera) nor flies (Order Diptera), they are beetles (Order Coleoptera). There are about 170 species of fireflies in the United States and Canada, most are found east of the Mississippi River. Fireflies are a joy of summer, delightful to look at, and fun to catch.
Fireflies are 7/16" to 9/16" long, elongate and very soft-bodied, with the pronotum extending forward over the head, resulting in the head being largely or entirely concealed when viewed from above. The pronotum is reddish-yellow with a black spot in the center. Brownish-black wing covers have a light yellowish area entirely around them except in front. The luminous lower end of a male firefly's abdomen is yellowish-green, whereas the female has a smaller splotch. It is these "taillight" segments where living light is produced. Eggs secreted in the earth may show a touch of luminescence. Larvae are multi-legged, turtle-like creatures with tiny spots on their underside, softly glowing like view holes in the furnace door. The larvae are predaceous and feed on various smaller insects, slugs, snails, and the eggs of other invertebrates. Wingless females and luminescent larvae are often called "glowworms." The high numbers of flashers in the evening skies suggest that they had great reproductive success the previous year and ample food supplies for the immature stages.
Why do fireflies give off light? There are several reason why fireflies blink their lights on summer nights. The first reason is that the flashing is used to locate a mate. The ones that are flying around are the males, and the females sit in the brush and respond by flashing their lights.
A second reason for the light is to warn predators that fireflies aren't good to eat. Like the orange color of a monarch butterfly, or the yellow stripes on a wasp, the light on the end of a firefly lets predators know to avoid eating them. The chemicals that make the light are bitter. Birds don't like to eat them. Predator insects will begin eating the head and work their way back and drop the abdomen.
A third reason why fireflies light up is to warn other fireflies of danger. The flashing light can be used as a distress signal to other fireflies. If fireflies are caught in a spider web they will begin distress flashing to warn others.
A fourth reason for the light display is to obtain a meal. There is a species of firefly that is a predator, called the femme fatale. This predator firefly can mimic the flash of other species of fireflies, and when a male responds and comes toward her to mate, she eats him instead.
The light produced by fireflies is a unique light because nearly 100% of the energy given off by the chemical reaction that produces the light is released as light, very little heat (waste) is produced.
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PORCH LIGHT SWARMERS
As reported in BYGL (Issue 11, June 16, 2005), POTATO LEAFHOPPER (PLH), Empoasca fabae, has been building in population in Ohio. Both Curtis Young in NW Ohio and Joe Boggs in SW Ohio reported observing hordes of PLH swarming around porch lights at their homes. The massive movement of PLH appears to be associated with the first cutting of alfalfa hay across the state. When PLH first blows into the state, they disperse to many different host plants, but they tend to build to very large populations in crops such as alfalfa. As the alfalfa hay is being cut, the adults disperse in large numbers and thus the accumulations around the porch lights.
Dave Shetlar reported an additional sighting of PLH activity on Lespedizia sp. he observed in Wooster, Ohio while teaching at the perennial school. Dave saw the leaves of the Lespedizia browning around the edges, twisting, and in some cases falling off. Upon closer examination, he discovered large populations of PLH feeding on these legumes, a natural host since PLH thrives on legumes such as alfalfa.
Looking for PLH on host plants can be tricky, because the adults are easily disturbed into flight. Since the adults fly off so quickly, it can be difficult to access the true number of PLH that are present on a plant. In field crops, adults can be captured and counted in a sweep net, but this is not practical in ornamental plant production areas. One method by which PLH adult movements can be monitored is by using yellow sticky positioned near or within blocks of production plants. Nymphs are easily monitored because they are flightless and cannot escape from the host plant. These little florescent green nymphs can be identified by the way they scurry about on the undersides of leaves for they can move as quickly sideways and backwards as they do forwards. PLH will be around the rest of the growing season until the first killing frosts.
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THE SCARABS ARE HERE!
Adult NORTHERN MASKED CHAFERS (Cyclocephals borealis), EUROPEAN CHAFERS (Rhizotrogus majalis) and now JAPANESE BEETLES (Popillia japonica) have all been observed to be out and active. Dave Shetlar's crew have been capturing northern masked chafers in light traps in Columbus, Ohio; Randy Zondag reported seeing the mass emergence of European chafers in Lake County; and BYGLers from north to south have seen Japanese beetles out and about.
To observe some of these adults for yourself, you may have to stay up late into the night to catch them doing their thing. Northern masked chafer emerge from the soil well into the night. Males search for females following pheromone plumes in the air. Mating takes place on the ground near where the females emerged. Mated females then dig back down into the soil to lay their eggs. Some fly a short distance away, but most remain fairly close to where they emerged.
European chafers, whose range is fairly limited to the counties along the Erie Lake shore, emerge from the soil around dusk and fly a nearby tree in mass. In the tree, males and females pair off and drop to the ground below. This cycle may be repeated for several nights before the mating for the current year is complete.
In contrast to the two afore mention scarabs, the Japanese beetles are daytime fliers and maters. They also will be around in the landscape for a very extended period of time. Although in localized areas, they may be present for only 1 or 2 weeks, within Ohio they can be found from early July through September to early October.
It is important to know which species of scarabs are in your local area because some white grubs are more difficult to control than others (i.e. European chafers can be difficult to kill). The other factor to keep in mind is that some turf areas are more at risk for grub problems than others. In this case, turf that receives regular irrigation can be more prone to grub attack than turf areas that are allowed to dry out under mid to late summer drought conditions because the grub eggs and earily instar grubs survive better in moist soil.
For those who manage turfgrass, Dave Shetlar's advice is as follows: If you haven't already treated turf that is at "grub risk," you should do so very soon! Merit, MACH2 and Arena all seem to work best when applied as preventives, though there is increasing evidence that Arena has better curative abilities than Merit and MACH2. If you are going to apply grub controls to lawns or turf that can't be irrigated soon after the application, select a granular formulation. If you can irrigate, liquid applications usually give better levels of control, but the difference in control level is likely academic. It is recommended that you water dry turf before a liquid application to ensure that the thatch is moistened. Then apply irrigation as soon as you can after the spraying.
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DISEASE DIGEST
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MOIST CHAMBER
For the most part, the moist chamber has dried out over the past month in much of Ohio. This has resulted in below normal apple scab (see last week‛s BYGL) and other foliar diseases, but there are still plenty of diseases showing now due to earlier infections. CEDAR HAWTHORN RUST is peppering hawthorn leaves with tiny orange lesions on the upper leaf surfaces of hawthorns and, in some cases crabapples. In another few weeks, the fungus, after mating inside the layers of the leaf, will emerge in pustules on the undersides of these hawthorn leaves. Remember, spores produced in these hawthorn leaves will only infect junipers, with this occurring over the next several months. There will be no further infections of hawthorns this season.
Other diseases noted by BYGLers are a PHOMOPSIS BLIGHT OF JUNIPER sample in the PPDC, identified by Nancy Taylor (as a plant pathologist she was appropriately "excited" when finding spores of the causal fungus), GUIGNARDIA BLOTCH OF AESCULUS, and continued samples sent of anthracnoses on ash, oak and sycamore, though all are noting the recovery of these trees as warmer weather arrives and new leaves are pushed out by the affected trees.
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TURF TIPS
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STAY-OFF BROWN GRASS!
BYGLers located throughout the state bemoaned the wide-spread browning of turfgrass in their areas due to hot, dry conditions. Cool-season turfgrasses have the ability to shutdown during periods of high temperatures and low rainfall. Growth and development stops, with plants shifting physiological support to maintaining living "crowns." The crown sets on the soil surface and is the growing point of a turfgrass plant - the point from which new tissue (blades and stems) arises. If the crown dies, the plant dies. Passing thunderstorms will provide enough moisture to keep crowns alive, but typically not enough to break turfgrass dormancy.
Cool-season grasses may be able to dodge summer environmental bullets by shutting-down; however, they may not be able to dodge mower bullets. Dave Shetlar cautioned that turfgrass managers should remember to stay-off turfgrass that has shutdown and turned brown. Mowing, or even walking on browned turfgrass can damage crowns, sometimes to the point where the crown dies. Dave noted that turf management companies with contracts specifying weekly mowing should re-think or at least re-visit the wording of the contracts. They should stipulate that dormant turfgrass will not be mowed, and only actively growing turf will be cut. Otherwise, the mowing activity could cause the turfgrass to become permanently dormant (= dead!).
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DROUGHT-DORMANT OR BUGS?
Dave Shetlar reminded turf managers to look closely at browned grass before assuming the plants are simply dormant. As noted in the BYGL 200511 (06/16/05), populations of both CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) and BLUEGRASS BILLBUG (Sphenophorus parvulus) have been phenomenal in many areas of the state this season.
Dave reported that billbugs are about 3/4th finished with their larval development, so damage may be very evident. Turfgrass managers should employ the "tug test" to determine if the brown turf was caused by these stem-tunneling insects. If grass stems break-off easily when gently pulled, and they are hollow and filled with fine sawdust-like frass, billbug larvae are at work.
Dave noted that chinch bug populations have been so high in central Ohio, his graduate student has been observing the bugs walking on sidewalks - an occurrence usually observed with billbugs! However, the best way to determine if chinch bugs are damaging turf is to use the "flotation method." Cut the bottom out of a two-pound coffee can, and trim the bottom rim to produce a sharp edge. Twist the sharp edge of the can into the ground, and fill it about half-full of water. The chinch bugs will float to the surface in about 10 minutes. Of course, this method may also reveal the chinch bugs nemesis: the predatory big-eyed bugs (Geocoris spp.). High populations of the predator means insecticide applications can be withheld.
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INDUSTRY INSIGHT
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WHITE PINE WEEVIL DAMAGE BECOMING EVIDENT
Participants at last weeks Ohio Diagnostic Workshop in Columbus were treated to a white pine landscape sample showing early evidence of white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) larval feeding damage. Indeed, Dave Shetlar noted he is already getting phone calls from landscapers in central Ohio concerned with dying tops of white pine, as well as spruces.
White pine weevil has been traditionally viewed as a Christmas tree and nursery production pest in Ohio, and it was rarely found outside the northeast part of the state. However, BYGLers have noted that white pine weevil is now a common landscape pest, and it is frequently being found in the central part of Ohio.
The weevil has one generation per year. Overwintered females deposit eggs in the terminals of their conifer hosts, which include their namesake as well as Scotch, jack, red, and pitch pine, plus Douglas-fir, Colorado blue, and white spruce. The resulting white, legless, slightly curved, grub-like larvae tunnel downward just beneath the bark until pupation. Larval development is typically completed by mid-to-late summer. The tops of infested trees become wilted, turn brown, and die. Main leaders are often curved into a shepherds crook. Larval tunneling usually does not progress past the top two lateral limb whorls; however on small trees, larvae may tunnel to the base of the main stem, killing the entire tree.
It is too late to apply insecticides to kill the developing larvae. However, it is not be too late to reduce populations by removing infested terminals. Mature larvae construct pupation chambers, called "chip cocoons," beneath the bark. The cocoons are created by the larvae positioning their bodies in tub-shape grooves excavated in the xylem, and then surrounding themselves with small, white wood chips. Larvae in the Diagnostic Workshop sample had not yet started to construct chip cocoons meaning pupation has not yet commenced. Wilted terminals should be removed and the cut ends closely examined to determine if the entire infestation has been isolated. Infested material must be destroyed since the weevils will complete their development in cut tops left on the ground.
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COMING ATTRACTIONS
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SALSA (SECREST ACADEMY FOR LANDSCAPE SCIENCES AND ARTS)
This "churning urn of burning funk" of a horticultural program starts this summer at OSU's Secrest Arboretum at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in Wooster. It is for individuals with professional or personal interest in an intensive, hands-on landscape learning experience and is a program of Ohio State Universitys Secrest Arboretum and the Ohio State University Extension Center at Wooster. Faculty for session I of SALSA are Jim Chatfield, Ken Cochran, Joe Cochran, and Erik Draper.
SALSA I will feature the following topics: Making Plant Names Work For You; Discovering How Plants Grow; Selecting Plants for Landscape Solutions and Minimizing Maintenance; Diagnosing Plant Problems; Putting Plants in their Place; and Producing Plants: From Propagation to Pricing. SALSA I will involve three full-day sessions on July 18, August 15, and September 19 and is part of a five-part, 15 session/15 month overall Academy.
SALSA is a learning experience, advancing your knowledge of the arts and sciences of landscape horticulture, through linked interactive hands-on programs. SALSA is not a series of isolated single-topic programs, nor it a full-fledged 2- or 4- year degree program. SALSA occupies the landscape between these two ... rooted in dedication, blooming with creativity. Class size is limited. The cost of SALSA I is $300 for the full 3 days of programming. This fee includes considerable reference material and class curriculum notebooks, diagnostic aids such as hand lens, lunches and refreshments. For more information contact Joe Cochran at Secrest Arboretum (330-263-3886; cochran.58@osu.edu).
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PLANT HEALTH CARE WORKSHOP
You won't want to miss Identification and Management of Weeds in Landscapes and Nurseries! Come join the fun at this year's Plant Health Care Workshop in Wooster on July 12 -13. There will also be a pre-conference weed identification workshop on July 11.
The Plant Health Care Workshop combines proven concepts and practical information to help green industry professionals manage ornamental landscapes and urban forests. Topics for this year's seminar include weed ecology, invasive weeds, weed identification, integrated strategies to manage weeds, and proper selection and use of herbicides.
Registration is limited to 40 participants. The program costs are as follows: Weed ID workshop only, $65; Plant Health Care Workshop, $225; or all three days, $260. For registration and program information, contact Denise Ellsworth or Diane Dunphy at 330-928-4769.
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BYGLOSOPHY
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"If you are a gardener, you can always put 'Plant Manager' on your resume."
author unknown
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