Pam Bennett, Barb Bloetscher, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Dave Goerig, Tim Malinich, Jane Martin, Hannah Mathers, Pam Sherratt, Amy Stone, and Curtis Young
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May 19, 2005
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This is the Seventh 2005 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL).
BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension
agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio.
BYGL is also made available on the Internet from the Ohio State University
Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS) in Virtual Perspective website
(http://bygl.osu.edu). Additional fact sheet information on any of
these articles may be found through the OSU fact sheet database (http://plantfacts.osu.edu).
BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support
from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional
funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT).
Participants in the May 17, 2005 conference included: Pam Bennett (Clark); Barb Bloetscher (C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic); Joe Boggs (Hamilton/Piketon); Erik Draper (Geauga); Dave Dyke (Hamilton); Tim Malinich (Cuyahoga); Joe Rimelspach (Plant Pathology); Pam Sherratt (HCS); Dave Shetlar (Entomology); Nancy Taylor (CWEPPDC); and Curtis Young (Allen); Randy Zondag (Lake)..
Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found
through the OSU Factsheet Database (http://plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/)
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WEATHER WATCH
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Following is the weather summaries from selected OARDC weather stations across the buckeye state. The information is a summary of data collected from May 1 - May 16.
| Weather Station |
Region of Ohio |
Ave. High Temp F | Ave. Low Temp F | Ave. Temp F | Normal Ave. Temp F | Total Precip " | Normal Precip " | | Perry |
NE |
61.3 |
41.3 |
N/A | N/A |
0.35" |
N/A | | Hoytville |
NW |
66.8 |
40.5 |
54.1 |
59.8 |
0.61" |
3.44" |
| Columbus |
Central |
69.1 |
44.0 |
57.2 |
61.4 |
1.45" |
4.38" |
| Miami |
SW |
70.3 |
45.2 |
57.9 |
61.6 |
2.34" |
4.68" |
| Jackson |
South |
71.2 |
40.9 |
56.5 |
61.7 |
0.32" |
4.16" |
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HORT SHORTS
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GDD (GROWING DEGREE DAYS)
GDD is a measure of the daily maximum and minimum temperature and directly relates to growth and development of plants and insects. The GDD of any zip code location in Ohio is estimated using the GDD of ten OARDC weather stations and available on the web at: http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/gdd/
The range of GDD accumulations in Ohio from north to south is 196 to 495. Following is a report of GDD for several locations around Ohio as of May 18, 2005: Painesville, 196; Cleveland, 203; Toledo, 301; Youngstown, 252; Lima, 289; Wooster, 331; Coshocton, 283; Columbus, 318; Springfield, 381; Dayton, 431; Cincinnati, 495; Ironton, 485; and Portsmouth, 486.
To put these GDD accumulations into perspective, the following is an abbreviated listing of plant and insect species with their respective phenological event and average GDD accumulations at which these events occur. Due to variations in weather, temperature, humidity, etc., these events may occur a few days earlier or later than predicted by the average GDD. By looking at a city, town, or village near you from the above list, or visiting the above web site, you can see what could be taking place in the landscape around you.
Eastern redbud, first bloom, 191; gypsy moth, egg hatch, 192; Koreanspice viburnum, full bloom, 205; azalea lace bug, egg hatch, 206; spring snow crabapple, full bloom, 209; common flowering quince, full bloom, 214; birch leafminer, adult emergence, 215; coral burst crabapple, first bloom, 217; elm leafminer, adult emergence, 219; common chokecherry, full bloom, 221; alder leafminer, adult emergence, 224; honeylocust plant bug, egg hatch, 230; common lilac, first bloom, 234; Ohio buckeye, first bloom, 245; common horse chestnut, first bloom, 251; hawthorn lace bug, adult emergence, 253; hawthorn leafminer, adult emergence, 260; flowering dogwood, first bloom, 263; red buckeye, first bloom, 265; blackhaw viburnum, first bloom, 269; imported willow leaf beetle, adult emergence, 274; sargent crabapple, full bloom, 298; red horsechestnut, first bloom, 304; pine needle scale, egg hatch - 1st generation, 305; cooley spruce gall adelgid, egg hatch, 308; eastern spruce gall adelgid, egg hatch, 308; common lilac, full bloom, 315; winter king hawthorn, first bloom, 328; lilac borer, adult emergence, 330; slender Deutsia, first bloom, 338; Japanese kerria, full bloom, 342; common horsechestnut, full bloom, 344; doublefile viburnum, first bloom, 353; red Java weigela, first bloom, 365; black cherry, first bloom, 368; lesser peach tree borer, adult emergence, 372; Ohio buckeye, full bloom, 374; holly leafminer, adult emergence, 375; Vanhoutte spirea, full bloom, 406; euonymus scale (first generation), egg hatch, 406; black cherry, full bloom, 419; Miss Kim Manchurian lilac, first bloom, 422; locust leafminer, adult emergence, 437; doublefile viburnum, full bloom, 444; black locust, first bloom, 467; common ninebark, first bloom, 478; oystershell scale, egg hatch, 497; and smokebush, first bloom, 501.
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PLANTS OF THE WEEK
The PERENNIAL selection this week is Polygonatum falcatum OR SOLOMON'S SEAL. This shade-loving plant is in full bloom in central Ohio right now. The petite white, bell-like flowers line up on the underside of the stem adding delicate grace to the perennial garden. The plant grows 2 - 3' tall and spreads nicely into a grouping in the garden. Requires cool moist soil. Use the cultivar Variegatum' for it's white-lined leaf margin.
Great news for perennial lovers or those who want to learn more about perennials! The Perennial Plants for Ohio will be available very soon from the ONLA. This long-awaited update is full of new cultivars and wonderful pictures. The final proof went to the printers this week so watch for a future announcement of its availability!
The WOODY selection this week is just beginning to bloom in central Ohio - Chionanthus virginicus OR WHITE FRINGETREE. This small native tree grows to around 12-18' tall and has outstanding lacy, fragrant, white flowers. Lustrous green leaves and attractive egg-shaped blue fruits (on female plants) are additional features. Plant males and females in order to have the fruit. The habit is open and it is very adaptable to soil pH.
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POTTED DODDER
Barb Bloetscher reported a rather strange case involving a nefarious parasite that illustrates that knowledge of plants and plant problems and maintaining good sanitation is essential. A woman called the C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic (PPDC) to report strange yellow stringy things growing all over her petunias and marigolds planted in 2 big pots. The woman had noticed the same thing the year before, and then ... upon reflection, she decided that perhaps she had even noticed it the year before that. What she had noticed is a plant called dodder (Cuscuta sp.).
Dodder is a twining yellow or orange plant sometimes tinged with purple or red. Occasionally it is almost white. The stems can be very thin and thread-like or relatively stout. It parasitizes various kinds of wild and cultivated plants, and is especially destructive to alfalfa, lespedeza, flax, clover and potatoes. Ornamentals attacked included chrysanthemum, dahlia, helenium, Virginia-creeper, trumpet-vine, English ivy and petunias.
The seedlings must attach to a suitable host within a few days of germinating or they die. Once the Dodder seedling finds a plant, it quickly twines itself around the plant's stem. The basal part of the parasite soon shrivels away so that no soil connection exists. Its water, minerals and carbohydrates are absorbed from the host through haustoria that press up against the stem of the host plant and penetrate the tissue. In dodder the haustoria are modified adventitious roots. Dodder rarely kills its host plant, although it will stunt its growth.
Its flowers are numerous, white, pink or yellowish, small (2 to 4 mm long depending on species), and can be borne in tight balls or in a loose cluster (again depending on species). Flowers normally appear from early June to the end of the growing season.
The fruit is about 1/8 th inch in diameter, with thin papery walls and contain 1 to 4 seeds. The seeds are yellow to brown or black, nearly round and have a fine rough surface with one round and two flat sides. These seeds drop to the ground and germinate the next growing season if a suitable host is present. If no suitable host is present, the seed may remain dormant for five years.
Dodder can be a serious disease vector. It has been shown to spread the yellows diseases like pear decline, aster yellows, tomato big bud, vinca virescence and elm phloem necrosis. In addition, phloem-inhabiting rickettsialike' bacteria have been found to be present in dodder.
Its wide host range and the long life of its dormant seeds make dodder hard to control and nearly impossible to eradicate. Dodder seed can be spread by irrigation water, in the manures of livestock that have eaten infested alfalfa, or along with the seed of crops that were infested with dodder. Pulling and destroying dodder infected plants is recommended. It must be destroyed before it produces seeds or infestations will spread. Preemergent herbicides such Surflan applied to the soil in the spring prior to seed germination will prevent this pest. The use of a 2,4-D type herbicide or contact herbicide directed at infected hosts and dodder plants is effective in killing established parasitic plants (as well as the host). Always read and follow label directions when using herbicides. For further information on this pest please refer to, "Dodder", Colorado State University Cooperative Extension at http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/CoopExt/4DMG/Weed/dodder.htm.
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BUG BYTES
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PEARLEAF BLISTER MITE
Joe Boggs reported observing ornamental pear trees with noticeable infestations of pearleaf blister mite (Phytoptus pyri) in southwest Ohio. Feeding by the microscopic eriophyid mite produces small, distinct blisters on the upper leaf surface and rough, irregular patches of necrotic tissue on the lower surface. The blisters are light-green at first, but later turn pinkish-red, and eventually brownish-black. Blisters may coalesce, particularly along the midrib, giving the leaf a reddish, gnarled appearance. The patches on the lower surface turn from dark brown to black, and tiny exit holes will appear as mites emerge.
The tiny, cigar-shaped blister mites overwinter under bud scales and initiate blister formation as leaves expand. They first feed on the lower leaf surface, causing the epidermis to rupture. The mites then crawl into the leaf and deposit eggs. As eggs hatch, the new mites continue feeding within the leaf, destroying more cells. Blister and necrotic patch symptoms become most evident after successive generations of mites have fed within the leaves. Although high populations of this mite may cause dramatic symptoms, damage is seldom significant relative to tree health. Control is generally not warranted since high populations on landscape trees seldom occur over successive years.
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FIERY PREDATORS
Localized populations of a number of caterpillars including EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americanum) and FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (M. disstria) have been unusually high this season in southern and central Ohio. Inevitably, this free ranging meat will attract meat eaters. One of the most common predators feasting on the caterpillar herds is the FIERY SEARCHER (Calosoma scrutator).
The fiery searcher is in the beetle family Carabidae, or "Ground Beetles." This is the third largest beetle family, with more than 2,400 species in North America north of Mexico. Most are predaceous on other insects, with a few preferring snails and slugs ... entomo-escargot. The searcher shares the secondary common name of "caterpillar hunter" with several other Calosoma species. This alternate name characterizes their penchant for caterpillar fare.
The searcher is one of the largest carabid beetles, measuring over 1 1/4" in length. It has long, purplish-black legs and antennae. The abdomen is almost rectangular, with the posterior end slightly pointed. The front end of the beetle, the business end, sports wicked-looking sickle-shaped mandibles used to reduce hapless caterpillars into beetle fodder. The hardened front wings (elytra) covering the abdomen are metallic green with fine grooves running from front to back. The outer edges of the elytra are reddish-orange. This striking feature is responsible for the fiery common name.
The fiery searcher lays eggs in the soil. The resulting elongated larvae also sport impressive mandibles that are likewise used to grind-down the bodies of other insects. The life cycle of the searcher is usually completed within one year; however, adults may live for 2 to 3 years, spending the winter beneath bark or in the soil.
Fiery searchers feed at night, and hide during the day. However, they are strongly attracted to lights. Pam Bennett reported that they found 6 searchers roaming the halls of their Extension office last week. She noted that no caterpillars were observed near the office, and since none of the staff resembled caterpillars, BYGLers concluded outdoor lights left on at night had attracted the predators. Given the extremely beneficial status of the fiery searcher, such wayward intruders should be gently coaxed outdoors ... very gently, since they can bite and emit a foul odor when mishandled!
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STICKY ELM LEAVES
Dave Shetlar reported observing elm tree leaves covered with honeydew; eating the honeydew were tiny wasp-like insects. Upon closer examination, Dave identified the honeydew producer as the EUROPEAN ELM SCALE. This is a common scale insect infesting several species of elms. European elm scales settle on twigs and branches of elm trees and look like white oval bumps. They look more like mealybugs than scale insects. They can build up high populations on individual trees and secrete a large amount of honeydew that collects on the bark and foliage below the infestations. These copious quantities of honeydew attract sugar loving insects likes bees and wasps. In Dave's observations, the insect he saw feeding on the honeydew was the ELM LEAFMINER, a sawfly.
The elm leafminer overwinters as a prepupal larva in a cocoon in the soil. The adult, a small sawfly about 3 mm long, emerges during late May and early June, about the time the leaves are unfolding. The eggs are deposited in the leaf tissue and hatch about 10 days later. The feeding larvae produce blotch mines in the leaves. In heavy infestations, extensive mining can result in near complete browning of leaves and off season leaf drop. The larvae mature by late June or early July when they leave their mines, drop to the ground, and spin brown paper-like cocoons in the topsoil. There is only one generation each year.
Control of both insects could be accomplished with systemic insecticides such as imidacloprid (i.e. Merit). The European elm scale could also be controlled with a contact insecticide if closely timed with scale egg hatch when the insect is in the susceptible crawler stage. Reliance on biological control is another option.
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WINDSHIELD WIPE
BYGLers also ran into a few other insects and mites this week, including:
* MAPLE PETIOLE BORER (Caulocampus acericaulis) is beginning to produce aesthetic leaf drop on its namesake in southwest Ohio. The tiny larvae of this sawfly tunnel out the inner tissues of the petiole which causes the petioles to break a short distance from the leaf blade. The classic symptom of petiole borer activity are green leaves with shortened, hollowed-out petioles dropping from the tree. Larvae remain inside the longer portion of the petiole that remains attached to the twig, so raking and destroying fallen leaves will not reduce the population. There is only one generation per year and damage is seldom severe enough to cause serious harm to the tree.
* The bizarre looking ASH INFLORESCENCE (FLOWER) GALLS are now becoming very evident on ash trees in southwest Ohio. The broccoli-like growths are caused by the eriophyid mite, Eriophyes fraxinivorus, and consist of a profusion of clubby, distorted flower parts. Currently, the galls are dark green and look like small witches brooms growing just beneath this seasons leaves. Eventually, they will turn brown-to-black, and become conspicuously unsightly after leaves drop in the fall. Old galls remain attached to the twigs for two or more years. Although the galls may reduce the aesthetic appeal of heavily infested trees, they cause no injury to the tree since only the flower parts are affected.
* Randy Zondag reported that GYPSY MOTH has hatched in the Lake county area.
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DISEASE DIGEST
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CEDAR RUST DISEASES
Curtis Young reported seeing numerous cushion-like mats of orangish fungal growth on spherical galls on the branches of an Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Those galls were caused by CEDAR QUINCE RUST (Gymnosporangium clavipes). He also saw old galls from CEDAR APPLE RUST (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae) on the same plant.
That brings home the point that junipers are hosts for 3 rust diseases that alternate between junipers and plants in the rose family. The cedar quince rust fungus alternates between junipers and a wide range of rosaceous hosts. The most noticeable in the landscape is hawthorn. The cedar apple rust fungus alternates between Eastern red cedar (J. virginiana) and mostly apple and crabapple. The rust not mentioned above, CEDAR HAWTHORN RUST (Gymnosporangium globosum), alternates between junipers and hawthorn, crabapple, and apple in addition to several other rosaceous hosts.
In some cases these diseases are minor problems, but cedar quince rust and cedar hawthorn rust can be a major problem on hawthorns and cedar apple rust is a major economic consideration in commercial apple production. For further information on these rust diseases, including control measures, OSU Factsheet HYG-3055-96, "Cedar Rust Diseases of Ornamental Plants".
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ASH ANTHRACNOSE
was reported by several BYGLers this week. Typical symptoms include discoloration along leaf veins. However, under the right conditions, entire leaves may drop, littering the ground and panicking the homeowner. Though ash anthracnose may look bad, it usually does not cause any significant long-term health problems.
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RANDOM SANDERS?
On strolls through wood lots as well as through landscapes, one often observes trunks and branches on trees where the bark appears to have been altered in random patches almost as if someone had sanded the bark smooth. Frequently the altered area is lighter in color than the surrounding rougher bark. This condition is called SMOOTH PATCH. Smooth patch is caused by fungi such as Aleurodiscus oaksii. These saprophytic fungi decompose the rough, dead outer bark of trees causing the outer layers of bark to slough off in patches, leaving smooth, depressed areas behind. Smooth patch occurs on a number of hardwoods and conifers. In Ohio, it is frequently observed on white oaks and ash trees.
The fungus starts in small patches that expand slowly over time, coalescing to form smooth grayish areas that are usually irregular in shape and size and can be several feet in length. Smooth patch fungi, however, do not invade living tissue, cause cankers or internal decay. They cause no known direct harm to the tree. Because there is no obvious harm caused to the trees, there is no need for any control measures.
Sometimes the smooth patch fungi produce noticeable reproductive structures, also called fruiting bodies, in wet weather. They are usually about 1/8" or 1/4" in diameter. The structures form flat, leathery discs, cream-colored to light gray or beige, and curled at the edges. They grow in clusters on the affected bark and are sometimes described as looking like lichens. In dry weather, the fruiting bodies shrivel up and become inconspicuous. Fruiting bodies may persist on the tree all year.
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TURF TIPS
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RED THREAD DISEASE IS RAMPANT
In mild weather, red thread disease (Laetisaria fuciformis) appears as patches of damaged grass with a pink appearance. This is partly due to presence of pink mycelia "threads" which protrude from the diseased leaves. Patches can be 1-12" across. Turfgrass areas more prone to red thread are low quality, nutrient deficient soils, which can be improved by sound management practices and a balanced fertilizer program. The most susceptible types of turfgrass to red thread are perennial ryegrass and red fescue. Unless it is a serious problem, there is usually only superficial damage to leaf tissue. For more serious outbreaks, slit or overseed the existing turf with less susceptible grass varieties. Also, apply sufficient nitrogen to correct nutrient deficiencies. As with any disease, if it occurs every year, a timely preventative fungicide application can be made.
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KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS VERSUS ANNUAL BLUEGRASS
Both Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua) turf plants are flowering right now and it may be difficult to tell them apart. Kentucky bluegrass is a good quality desirable lawn turf that has a dark green color and is a perennial plant, so it persists. It also has the ability to spread laterally as it has underground stems or "rhizomes". Annual bluegrass is a weed in turf that is a winter annual/weak perennial. Poa annua may die out in summer as it cannot tolerate heat & drought. It is light green in color and grows in a clump. Purdue Turf Tips has a posting on this subject that can be accessed via: http:// www.agry.purdue.edu/turf/tips/2005/poa512.htm
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WEED CONTROL IN LAWNS
Now is a good time to control specific problem weeds in lawns. Once these weeds become established and mature they become more difficult to eradicate.
*Ground Ivy Control: Any product that contains Triclopyr will offer GOOD control. Triclopyr is a selective systemic herbicide. This weed is difficult to control so repeat applications may be necessary.
*Wild Onion/Wild Garlic Control: Professional turf managers can use the herbicide Manage. Homeowners can use a 2,4-D Ester formulation. The Ester formulation has better control than the Amine. 2,4-D Ester will offer FAIR/MEDIUM control of these problem weeds. However, be careful to avoid applying these volatile products anywhere near gardens or grapevines. Again, repeat applications may be necessary.
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INDUSTRY INSIGHT
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WEEDS A BIG PROBLEM FOR MANY GROWERS
The biggest problem this time of year are annual weeds. These plants grow rapidly, produce seed and die. If not controlled they will increase the seed bank problem for future years. There are two choices for control, the first being cultivation. Cultivation is fine if you have not applied any pre-emergent herbicides. If you cultivate herbicide treated fields you will break the chemical weed control barrier created by the pre-emergents. The second choice is the use of post-emergent herbicides. Randy Zondag suggested a rapid burn down product such as Finale, Reward or Scythe; making sure to protect surrounding plants from any drift. Many systemic products will take too long to kill these weeds and they will continue to produce seeds. Light hoeing can help but is very expensive.
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CARE OF NURSERY STOCK
Growers and landscapers holding plants for sale must be sure to keep plants properly watered. Too many plants being are being installed with the roots dry. Use drip irrigation on larger balls, shade or cover the root balls, and use repeated light irrigations to maintain hydration. Once a root ball dries out it is difficult to thoroughly rehydrate the entire ball. Consequently, many small roots will die. Be sure that plant roots, soil balls, or containers are moist before shipping and always, always tarp them during transport. Remember that these plants have just had a large portion of the roots removed.
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SPRING FERTILITY PROGRAMS
have started but the biggest question with growers is choosing the correct type and quantity of fertilizer. This question can be answered with a simple soil test. When nutrient levels and pH and levels are determined with a soil test, proper recommendation can be provided. Remember that soil tests are a picture in time, so keep old soil tests along with fertilizer application and liming records. If you have questions on reading a soil test contact your local extension office for help.
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GARDEN CENTER SALES STRONG IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO
Dave Dyke reported that greenhouses/garden centers are very, very happy with sales so far this season. For the first time in the past 3 or 4 years the Southwest part of the state enjoyed nearly perfect weather Mothers Day weekend. Dryer ground, clearing skies and temperatures in the low 80's brought buyers out in droves. Although there have been a few weekends before and after Mothers Day that were cold and wet, plant retailers report sales are up in the range of 25-30% over last year.
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COMING ATTRACTIONS
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SALSA (SECREST ACADEMY FOR LANDSCAPE SCIENCES AND ARTS)
This "churning urn of burning funk" of a horticultural program starts this summer at OSU's Secrest Arboretum at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in Wooster. It is for individuals with professional or personal interest in an intensive, hands-on landscape learning experience and is a program of Ohio State Universitys Secrest Arboretum and the Ohio State University Extension Center at Wooster. Faculty for session I of SALSA are Jim Chatfield, Ken Cochran, Joe Cochran and Erik Draper.
SALSA I will focus on the following topics: Making Plant Names Work For You, Discovering How Plants Grow, Selecting Plants for Landscape Solutions and Minimizing Maintenance, Diagnosing Plant Problems, Putting Plants in their Place, and Producing Plants: From Propagation to Pricing. SALSA I will involve three full-day sessions on July 18, August 15, and September 19 and is part of a five-part, 15 session/15 month overall Academy.
SALSA is a learning experience, advancing your knowledge of the arts and sciences of landscape horticulture, through linked interactive hands-on programs. SALSA is not a series of isolated single-topic programs, nor it a full-fledged 2- or 4- year degree program. SALSA occupies the landscape between these two...rooted in dedication, blooming with creativity. Class size is limited. The cost of SALSA I is $300 for the full three days of programming. This fee includes considerable reference material and class curriculum notebooks, diagnostic aids such as hand lens, lunches and refreshments. For more information contact Joe Cochran at Secrest Arboretum (330-263-3886; cochran.58@osu.edu).
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OHIO PLANT DIAGNOSTIC WORKSHOPS
There are a number of OSU Extension Ohio Plant Diagnostic Workshops coming up in June. Typically the workshops run from 10-4 with several talks, a walking tour, and extensive discussions of diagnostic samples. Here is a list to get on your calendar. More details will follow next week following our final planning sessions.
June 2: OSU Extension, Clark County (for Master Gardeners)
June 6: OSU Extension, Hamilton County (green industry and others)
June 7: OSU Extension, Lake County (as part of Randy Zondag's regular IPM session)
June 24: OSU Extension, Franklin County (green industry)
June 29: OSU- Secrest Arboretum, Wooster (green industry; one hour program)
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THE FIRST DIAGNOSTIC WALKABOUT
in the greater Cleveland area this summer occurs Thursday May 26 in the North Olmsted area. Charles Behnke and Tim Malinich, horticulture educators with Ohio State University Extension, will take a critical look at landscape and turf problems during the early morning walkabouts. Recertification credit available for 8 and 6A. Call 216-397-6023 to request a registration flyer with more information.
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BYGLOSOPHY
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"Earth laughs in flowers." -Ralph Waldo Emerson
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