Pam Bennett, Barb Bloetscher, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Dave Goerig, Tim Malinich, Jane Martin, Hannah Mathers, Pam Sherratt, Amy Stone, and Curtis Young
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May 26, 2005
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This is the Eighth 2005 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL).
BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension
agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio.
BYGL is also made available on the Internet from the Ohio State University
Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS) in Virtual Perspective website
(http://bygl.osu.edu). Additional fact sheet information on any of
these articles may be found through the OSU fact sheet database (http://plantfacts.osu.edu).
BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support
from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional
funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT).
Participants in the May 24, 2005 conference included: Pam Bennett (Clark); Joe Boggs (Hamilton/Piketon); Jim Chatfield (Center at Wooster/HCS); Erik Draper (Geauga); Dave Dyke (Hamilton); Dave Goerig (Mahoning); Hannah Mathers (HCS); Pam Sherratt (HCS); Dave Shetlar (Entomology); Amy Stone (Lucas); Joe Rimelspach (Plant Pathology); Curtis Young (Allen); and Randy Zondag (Lake)..
Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found
through the OSU Factsheet Database (http://plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/)
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WEATHER WATCH
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Temperatures continue to be on the cool side across much of the state. Many BYGLers reported that blooms of numerous woody plants are remaining prime for what seems to be extended periods. Amy Stone reported that the flowering dogwood outside her office door had been blooming its heart out for weeks, and finally the last few bracts are falling to the ground.
Here is the weather summaries from selected OARDC weather stations across the Buckeye State. The information is a summary of data collected from May 1 - May 25.
| Weather Station |
Region of Ohio |
Ave. High Temp F | Ave. Low Temp F | Ave. Temp F | Normal Ave. Temp F | Total Precip " | Normal Precip " | | Perry |
NE |
62.1 |
43.0 |
N/A | N/A |
1.29" |
N/A | | Hoytville |
NW |
67.3 |
41.9 |
55.0 |
59.8 |
1.42" |
2.68" |
| Columbus |
Central |
69.5 |
45.5 |
57.9 |
60.6 |
3.74" |
3.40" |
| Miami |
SW |
70.5 |
46.6 |
58.8 |
61.0 |
2.61" |
3.73" |
| Jackson |
South |
71.7 |
41.8 |
57.1 |
60.9 |
1.15" |
3.39" |
For additional information, or to see the locations of all of the OARDC weather stations in Ohio, check out the website at http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/centernet/weather.htm
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HORT SHORTS
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GDD (GROWING DEGREE DAYS)
GDD is a measure of the daily maximum and minimum temperature and directly relates to growth and development of plants and insects. The GDD of any zip code location in Ohio is estimated using the GDD of ten OARDC weather stations and available on the web at: http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/gdd/
The range of GDD accumulations in Ohio from north to south is 233 to 571. Following is a report of GDD for several locations around Ohio as of May 25, 2005: Painesville, 233; Cleveland, 241; Toledo, 356; Youngstown, 298; Lima, 401; Wooster, 386; Coshocton, 416; Columbus, 444; Springfield, 459; Dayton, 506; Cincinnati, 571; Ironton, 559; and Portsmouth, 561.
To put these GDD accumulations into perspective, the following is an abbreviated listing of plant and insect species with their respective phenological event and average GDD accumulations at which these events occur. Due to variations in weather, temperature, humidity, etc., these events may occur a few days earlier or later than predicted by the average GDD. By looking at a city, town, or village near you from the above list, or visiting the above web site, you can see what could be taking place in the landscape around you.
Honeylocust plant bug, egg hatch, 230; common lilac, first bloom, 234; Ohio buckeye, first bloom, 245; common horse chestnut, first bloom, 251; hawthorn lace bug, adult emergence, 253; hawthorn leafminer, adult emergence, 260; flowering dogwood, first bloom, 263; red buckeye, first bloom, 265; blackhaw viburnum, first bloom, 269; imported willow leaf beetle, adult emergence, 274; sargent crabapple, full bloom, 298; red horsechestnut, first bloom, 304; pine needle scale, egg hatch - 1st generation, 305; cooley spruce gall adelgid, egg hatch, 308; eastern spruce gall adelgid, egg hatch, 308; common lilac, full bloom, 315; winter king hawthorn, first bloom, 328; lilac borer, adult emergence, 330; slender Deutsia, first bloom, 338; Japanese kerria, full bloom, 342; common horsechestnut, full bloom, 344; doublefile viburnum, first bloom, 353; red Java weigela, first bloom, 365; black cherry, first bloom, 368; lesser peach tree borer, adult emergence, 372; Ohio buckeye, full bloom, 374; holly leafminer, adult emergence, 375; Vanhoutte spirea, full bloom, 406; euonymus scale (first generation), egg hatch, 406; black cherry, full bloom, 419; Miss Kim Manchurian lilac, first bloom, 422; locust leafminer, adult emergence, 437; doublefile viburnum, full bloom, 444; black locust, first bloom, 467; common ninebark, first bloom, 478; oystershell scale, egg hatch, 497; smokebush, first bloom, 501; arrowwood viburnum, first bloom, 534; American yellowwood, first bloom, 546; bronze birch borer, adult emergence, 547; black locust, full bloom, 548; American Holly, first bloom, 556; mountain laurel, first bloom, 565; potato leafhopper, adult arrival, 568; juniper scale, egg hatch, 571; and common ninebark, full bloom, 596.
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EXTRA! EXTRA! GET YOUR COPY OF THE HOTTEST SELLING PERENNIAL BOOK!
Well, it may not actually be the hottest selling book on perennials but an awful lot of them are going out the door of ONLA as you read this. The new "Perennial Plants for Ohio" is available from ONLA at an incredibly great price; the cost is $5.00 for gardeners and a reduced price for ONLA members. This colorful publication offers 225 color photos of Ohio perennials including descriptions, bloom periods, spacing, height, and sun requirements are provided. Get it while it's hot!
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PERENNIAL PLANT OF THE WEEK
The perennial plant selection this week is Iris spp. which is in bloom in central Ohio at this time. There are numerous species and cultivars of iris, and as a group they have upright foliage with flowers atop tall stems. They typically bloom for two to three weeks, depending upon the weather and cultivar. Plant breeders have been working on re-blooming irises in the past and these have a flush of bloom in spring and then a late summer and early fall re-bloom.
If you have never really looked closely at the iris flower, do so. They really are spectacular and incredibly complex in some cases. The main flower parts are "falls" or sepals that hang or droop. The "standards" are the flower and are upright.
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WOODY PLANT OF THE WEEK
Our selection this week is Miss Kim lilac (Syringa patula Miss Kim). On the BYGL call this week, we noted that Miss Kim was past bloom in southern Ohio, at full bloom in Columbus, and still in tight bud in Wooster and in Geauga County in northeast Ohio. Miss Kim has aromatic, light lavender blooms. The habit is a rounded 3-6 foot shrub which will grow larger with age. 'Miss Kim' flowers several weeks after the common lilac (Syringa vulgaris) and thus extends the lilac show further into the spring. It is one of a number of smaller powdery mildew-resistant lilacs for Ohio. Another dwarf lilac is Syringa meyeri Palibin, the 2004 Plant of the Year selection of the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association. Palibin is a compact grower with attractive pinkish-white flowers.
Read all about Miss Kim and other landscape trees and shrubs in the new publication "Landscape Plants for Ohio" published by the Ohio Nursery & Landscape Association. The descriptions and photographs of plants were provided for this new publication by the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape and Turf Team with great help from friends such as Bill Hendricks and Fred Hower, and in partnership with ONLA
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BUG BYTES
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CICADA DAMAGE LINGERS
BYGLers located in the area affected by last seasons emergence of Brood X of the17-year PERIODICAL CICADA (Magicicada spp.) reported that oviposition damage continues to plague landscapes. Female cicadas deposit eggs by jamming their long, sturdy ovipositors through the bark and into the wood of twigs and small branches. They inch forward as the lay eggs producing longitudinal slits. Multiple slits cut through the phloem and into the xylem can disrupt vascular flow causing stems to wilt and die. Additionally, the egg laying damage may physically weaken the stems causing them to break.
Much of the damage became apparent shortly after the massive cicada egg laying spree abruptly ceased last spring. Affected twigs and smaller branches died. The dead leaves produced a symptom called 'flagging', or stems that suddenly detach and litter the ground beneath the afflicted tree. Some of the cicada injury may not produce immediate symptoms, and this lingering damage can present some diagnostic challenges.
Diagnostoids may not readily associate periodical cicada egg laying activity with symptoms that are now appearing. After all, it has been almost 12 months since the dastardly deed was done. Be aware that stem dieback and breakage may also be caused by other problems currently afoot in Ohio. Remember that cicada damage symptoms may be very subtle. For example, the vascular disruption caused by cicada egg laying last spring may cause leaves this season to fail to fully expand, or otherwise develop normally. Again, many other plant problems also cause leaves to be stunted or off-color. There is a risk that the look-a-like nature of the cicada damage may cause symptoms to be incorrectly connected to another plant problem.
Of course, the first step in correctly diagnosing periodical cicada injury left over from last spring is to look for the oviposition scars, except that this can present a second diagnostic challenge. Just as symptoms produced by cicada damage may mimic damage produced by other plant problems, conversely, those other plant problems may produce symptoms mimicking cicada injury! For example, the stem cankering phase of sycamore anthracnose is currently causing leaves to wilt and die. Simply noting that oviposition scars exist should not provide the final proof for a diagnosis. Other problems should be eliminated through the diagnostic process before making a final judgment.
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CALICO SCALE: A STICKY PROBLEM
Curtis Young and Joe Boggs reported observing a substantial CALICO SCALE (Eulecanium cerasorum) infestation on honeylocust in a southern Butler County grocery store parking lot. This scale is a prolific producer of honeydew, a demeanor not likely to be appreciated by the store's patrons!
The calico scale is a globular, blackish-brown soft scale that is about 1/4" in diameter. It is easy to recognize because of the distinct rows of squarish, white patches on the back. Its life cycle is similar to European fruit lecanium. The scale has one generation per year and overwinters on twigs as partially developed nymphs. As spring progresses, the nymphs will feed, molt, and mature into globular adults. In late spring to early summer, eggs are laid and the hatching nymphs migrate to the undersides of leaves. In late summer to early fall, the nymphs molt to second instars and move from the leaves to stems, branches, and the trunk where they overwinter.
Beyond the aforementioned honeylocust, other hosts include maple, magnolia, sweetgum, ornamental fruit trees, as well as dogwood. Calico scale is seldom a direct killer of established landscape trees; however, heavily infested trees may lose enough sap to cause them to succumb to other stress related factors. The scale is capable of producing large quantities of sticky honeydew, and this scale doo may be colonized by sooty molds giving the host an unsightly, black appearance. If suppression is deemed necessary, applications of the systemic insecticides imidacloprid (e.g. Merit), or thiamethoxam (e.g. Flagship), targeting first instar crawlers will provide effective control. First instar crawlers hatch from eggs when the GDD reaches 748.
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FOUR-LINED PLANT BUG
Several BYGLers reported that damage caused by the four-lined plant bug (Poecilocapsus lineatus) is now appearing on herbs and perennials in southern and central Ohio. This sucking insect feeds on over 250 plant species, mostly herbaceous. Nymphs are reddish-orange with black wing-pads, and they are quick to move when disturbed. Adults are appropriately named: they vary from yellow to green in color and have four black stripes down the wings.
Like many plant-feeding hemipterans, the four-lined plant bug injects enzymes into the plant causing cells to collapse. They then feed on the resulting "slurry." This feeding behavior causes their damage to appear as small, round, sunken spots on leaves. Large numbers of feeding spots may coalesce creating extensive areas of blackened or almost translucent tissue. The symptoms are commonly mistaken for those caused by plant leaf diseases. High plant bug populations can cause extensive leaf damage.
The four-lined plant bug overwinters as eggs deposited in slits cut into the stems of a wide variety of herbaceous and woody ornamental plants. The current damage being seen is produced by the nymphs, which pass through 5 instars before molting into adults. Both the nymphs and adults are heavy feeders, but there is only one generation per year. Consequently, it is not too late to apply control measures to avoid heavy damage produced by the subsequent later instar nymphs and adults. Refer to OSU Extension Bulletin 504, "Insect and Mite Control on Woody Ornamentals and Herbaceous Perennials," for a list of control materials.
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CLEARWING BORER EMERGENCE OBSERVED
Joe Boggs and Curtis Young met in Mason, Butler County, Ohio last Tuesday right after the BYGL conference call just in time to witness the emergence of LILAC/ASH BORER ADULTS (Podosesia syringae) from the trunks of declining ash trees. While waiting for Joe to arrive, Curtis was drawn to a set of three ash trees in a parking lot planting that were in various states of decline. Thinking of the worst possible cause of their decline (an emerald ash borer infestation) closer examination was a must. Much to Curtis' relief, what he discovered was evidence of clearwing borer activity: round emergence holes, extruded sawdust from the feeding galleries, pupal cases protruding from the emergence holes, and ultimately, a newly emerged adult moth.
The growing degree day (GDD) accumulation required for the lilac/ash borer adult emergence to start is 330. This GDD accumulation was attained in the Mason area around May 4, 2005. Joe's and Curtis' observations were made 2 weeks and 160 GDD later which serves as a reminder that the events quoted in our Plant Phenology/Growing Degree Day reports are indications as to when insect activities begin. These activities can extent over long periods of time after the initial onset.
Another notable clearwing borer that also should be emerging in many areas of Ohio is the LESSER PEACHTREE BORER (Synanthedon pictipes). The start of its adult emergence requires a GDD accumulation of 372. Around 2/3 of Ohio has exceeded this GDD accumulation. Lesser peachtree borer susceptible plants, such as sand cherries and flowering plums, should be receiving preventative insecticidial treatments to their trunks to prevent significant infestation or re-infestation at this time.
Over the past couple of weeks, BYGLers have been observing black locust trees from Cincinnati to Lima, Ohio showing a glorious display of blooms. In past years, this event has been closely linked to the proper timing of BRONZE BIRCH BORER (Agrilus anxius) adulticide applications in Ohio. Refer to OSU Extension Bulletin 504, "Insect and Mite Control on Woody Ornamentals and Herbaceous Perennials," for application information and a list of effective materials for all of these borers.
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SLIMY SLUGS ARE SLITHERING ABOUT
With the cool, moist weather we have been experiencing this spring, the slugs are having a hay-day. These weather conditions are very conducive for slug activity. As a result, BYGLers have been receiving numerous requests for information on how to manage slug populations and effectively limit their impact on ornamental plants. Ask any gardener how to manage slugs and slug damage and you will receive an array of answers ranging from the standard chemical baits to the down-right sadistic method of applying salt directly to their fleshy, slimy bodies to watch squirm as the water gets sucked out of their bodies!
There are numerous slug management methods supported by anecdotal testimonial as to how effective they are, but only a few that have been scientifically and rigorously tested to prove that they work. Included in the list of methods are the following:
* Sanitation. Keep the area free of plant debris (leaves, clippings, pulled weeds, etc.), old boards, stones, or tires that provide cool moist hiding places for slugs.
* Prune low branches on trees or shrubs which touch the ground. Rake the leaves or mulch in order to allow the ground to dry.
* Beer traps. Empty cans buried up to the lip and partially filled with beer can be effective slug traps. Beer should be changed every few days to remain effective.
* Barriers of diatomaceous earth, wood ash, lime, sawdust, copper striping, and salt embedded plastic strips can be used around bedded plants.
Some of these tactics are more effective than others. Some probably do have some utility in reducing slug activity. Some are also very labor intensive and may require near daily maintenance to keep them working. Barriers of diatomaceous earth, sawdust, wood ash, and lime may need to be replaced after each rain. Do not use barriers of salt, this can damage your soil. A combination of two or more of these measures will more than likely be better than any single one alone.
The only materials to be shown scientifically to be effective in managing slug populations are the slug and snail baits. These baits have one of two active ingredients. Most slug and snail baits have metaldehyde as their active ingredient. More recently, new products have been introduced into the market with ferric phosphate as the active ingredient. Both of these products can be very effective if used properly. Caution must be taken when using metaldehyde based products because they can be eaten by pets and wildlife. Every year there are reports of pets and wildlife dying or being made seriously ill after eating slug pellets.
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DISEASE DIGEST
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APPLE SCAB
Crabapples are playing out the inevitable results of earlier infections during wet weather this spring, as symptoms of apple scab from these infections are now becoming obvious on crabapple leaves throughout the state.
The pathogen, Venturia inaequalis, depends upon hours of leaf wetness in order to infect susceptible leaves and fruit on apples and crabapples. Symptoms first appear in the spring as spots (lesions) on the lower leaf surface, because the lower side is first exposed to fungal spores when leaf buds open. At first, the lesions are usually small, velvety, olive green in color, and have unclear margins. As lesions mature, the fungal infection becomes darker and more distinct. Heavily infected leaves become distorted and may begin to drop early in the summer. Trees of highly susceptible taxa may be severely defoliated by mid- to late summer.
Millions of spores are produced on these dead leaves at about the time new growth begins in the spring. During rainy periods, these spores are discharged and lodge on succulent susceptible tissue, like leaves, flower parts and fruit. A spore germinates in a film of water and the fungus penetrates into the plant tissue. Depending upon weather conditions, symptoms (lesions) show up in as little as 9 to 17 days. The infection originating from the overwintering stage is called primary scab. Because a film of water on leaves and fruit is required for infection to occur, apple scab is most severe during years with frequent spring rains.
The scab fungus produces a different kind of spore in these newly developed lesions. Spores produced on a primary scab lesion are responsible for secondary infections. These spores are carried and spread by splashing rain to other leaves and fruits where new infections occur. Secondary infection can occur in 12 to 20 days. This secondary infection cycle may continue to develop and spread throughout the summer. As long as environmental conditions favor development of the fungus, the cycle of infections, spore production, spore release, more infections, etc., will continue.
The use of genetically resistant crabapple types is the ideal method for controlling scab. Crabapples vary widely in their susceptibility to the apple scab fungus, but there are many crabapples with both excellent scab resistance and superior horticultural characteristics for Ohio. Fungicides are another option but need to be applied early in the season for crabapples, starting with petal fall.
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ANTHRACNOSE ON SYCAMORE AND ASH
Earlier cool and wet weather has resulted in infections and widespread sycamore and ash anthracnose throughout much of Ohio. Sycamore anthracnose (Apiognomonia veneta) is a potentially serious disease of American sycamore and to a much lesser extent London planetree. This anthracnose fungus overwinters on twig tissue on the tree with spores splashing to new buds, shoots and leaves in the spring, with disease being enhanced by cool, wet conditions during shoot and leaf development. Twig blight was severe this spring. Considerable blighting, resulting in large sections of the trees with leaves never even developing fully has occurred in many areas. Fortunately, sycamores typically re-leaf by early to mid summer and are less susceptible then to continued infections because of warmer, drier conditions.
Ash anthracnose (Gnomoniella fraxini) is causing leaf drop on landscape ashes this year, with blotchy grayish to brownish blotch-like lesions occurring on ash leaflets. When people see 10%-20% of the leaves drop they worry about overall tree health and even are tempted to wonder if this problem on their ash means that the dreaded emerald ash borer has arrived in their area. Fear not, the ash anthracnose disease a completely unrelated problem and also is typically not a significant tree health problem long-term.
Fungicides for both of these anthracnose diseases are generally not recommended unless demanded by customers and are not a very effective control at this date. You cannot undo whatever infections have already occurred and additional infections become less and less likely as the season progresses.
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TURF TIPS
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PRE-STRESS PERIOD IS NOW!
Cool season grasses prefer to grow in an air temperature of 60-75F and a soil temperature of 50-65F. In Ohio, these temperatures usually occur between April and June. Once temperatures get above these optimum ranges, cool season grasses shift into the stress period. The stress shows itself in a number of ways; grasses will suffer significant root loss (~50%) and may go into drought dormancy. The aim at this time of year, prior to the stress period, is to maximize root development and make the turf as healthy as possible so that it can survive the summer stress. This can include a number of cultural practices, such as core aerification, thatch control, balanced fertility, and adequate water. Make the most of this pre-stress period by performing some of these practices.
Link: http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/4000/4029.html
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SPRING SEEDING PRACTICES
The optimum time to seed turf is in the fall (August 15th-September15th) because soils are warm, there is adequate rain, and there is little competition from weeds. Spring seedings can be successful but require a certain level of management or they can fail. Most importantly, seeds need to have "seed to soil contact". This does not mean that the seed is merely thrown onto a soil surface (see picture) but that it has adequate contact so that it stays in a constant state of moisture. If seeds do not stay in a constant state of moisture they WILL NOT germinate. This is extremely important for grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) because they may take up to 21 days to germinate. If there is not adequate rain to keep the seeds moist, someone has to irrigate/hand water the seed for the entire time or it will not germinate. Quicker germinating grasses such as perennial ryegrass (3-7 days) are more competitive for this reason. Even in fall seedings, ryegrass can out-compete weeds far better that bluegrass.
Methods of keeping the seeds moist are: cover the seed with straw, mulch or growth blankets, set up a rain train or water cannon that passes over the seeded area several times /day, install an irrigation system, or hand-water several times per day. Once seeds have germinated, water is still needed for establishment but not as frequently as the germination stages.
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INDUSTRY INSIGHT
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EMERALD ASH BORER AWARENESS WEEK
Ohio Governor Bob Taft, along with his counterparts in Michigan and Indiana, has proclaimed May 22-28 Ohio Emerald Ash Borer Awareness Week to remind Ohioans to refrain from moving firewood. Firewood is the major source of Ohios Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) infestations an important message as the camping season opens over Memorial Day weekend.
State quarantines make it illegal to move ash-tree materials and firewood out of Michigan into Ohio, and out of designated areas in northwest Ohio, including parts of Defiance, Fulton, Hancock, Henry, Lucas, and Wood counties. Violators face fines up to $4,000. Ash trees, logs, branches, limbs, woodchips larger than an inch, other ash-tree materials, and non-coniferous (non-evergreen) firewood are prohibited from leaving quarantined areas.
Do you live in a quarantine area, but need to move a regulated item? Do you have a woodlot and would like to harvest ash timber? The State Department of Agriculture has issued compliance agreements, and is working with persons subject to the quarantine. Those individuals must comply with agreement determined by ODA to move regulated articles from, into, through, or within a regulated or quarantined area. Each compliance agreement is unique to the person and situation. If you are interested in learning more about an EAB compliance agreement, call ODA toll-free at 1-888-OHIO-EAB.
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COMING ATTRACTIONS
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OHIO PLANT DIAGNOSTIC WORKSHOP - SOUTHWEST OHIO
The southwest version of this traveling workshop will be held from 9:00 am. to 4:00 pm., on Monday, June 6, 2005, at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Safari Lodge, in Cincinnati, Ohio. The action-packed diagnostic agenda includes: updates on emerald ash borer and sudden oak death; a general overview of "what's happening in Ohio;" and the ever-popular walk-til-you-drop (or get eaten) Diagnostic Walk-About. Instructors include Steve Foltz (Cincinnati Zoo), Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Joe Boggs, and various other animals.
The registration fee is $30.00 and covers the cost of a truly marvelous lunch, as well as training materials. The registration deadline is Friday, June 3, 12:00 pm. To register, contact Bob Warnock, OSU Extension, Hamilton County, at: Phone: 513-946-8992; Fax: 513-772-6126; or E-Mail: [ warnock.1@osu.edu ]. Come roar at the Ohio Plant Diagnostic Workshop - Southwest Ohio, at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden!
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3rd ANNUAL NORTHEAST OHIO OLCA LAWN CARE SEMINAR
takes place Thursday, June 16 at OARDC in Wooster, Ohio. Better than ever this year, the 9:00- 3:00 seminars include talks on industrial vegetation, ornamental diseases, lawn insects, spray drift, and an update on the Urban Landscape Ecology Program (ULEP) research. Most of the seminars are available for ODA pesticide re-certification credit. Equipment demonstrations will occur all day. For more information, call 1-800-510-5296 and see Ohio Lawn Care Associations website http://www.ohiolawncare.org/index.html
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BYGLOSOPHY
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"Everything is blooming most recklessly; if it were voices instead of colors, there would be an unbelievable shrieking into the heart of the night."
- Rainer Maria Rilke
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