Pam Bennett, Barb Bloetscher, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Dave Goerig, Tim Malinich, Jane Martin, Amy Stone, and Curtis Young
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August 17, 2006
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This is the twentieth 2006 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL).
BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension
agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio.
BYGL is also made available on the Internet from the Ohio State University
Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS) in Virtual Perspective website
(http://bygl.osu.edu). Additional fact sheet information on any of
these articles may be found through the OSU fact sheet database (http://plantfacts.osu.edu).
BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support
from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional
funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT).
Participants in the August 15, 2006 conference included: Barb Bloetscher (Entomology/C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic (CWEPPDC)); Joe Boggs (Center at Piketon/Hamilton); Erik Draper (Geauga); Dave Dyke (Hamilton); Dave Goerig (Mahoning); Tim Malinich (Lorain); Becky McCann (ABE Center); Joe Rimelspach (Plant Pathology); Amy Stone (Lucas); Nancy Taylor (CWEPPDC); and Curtis Young (Allen). .
Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found
through the OSU Factsheet Database (http://plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/)
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WEATHER WATCH
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This week's weather summary includes data from August 1 - 16. Precipitation at each of the 4 stations is considered below normal for the month thus far. Abundant rainfall in the northern portion of the state earlier this year has boosted year-to-date totals, but soils are dry and many are hoping for some rain.
This weather summary includes information from 4 OARDC weather stations across the buckeye state.
| Weather Station |
Region of Ohio |
Ave. High Temp F | Ave. Low Temp F | Ave. Temp F | Normal Ave. Temp F | Total Precip " | Normal Precip " | | Perry |
NE |
81.9 |
64.0 |
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NA |
0.29" |
---- |
| Hoytville |
NW |
84.9 |
60.9 |
73.1 |
71.1 |
0.11"
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1.51" |
| Miami |
SW |
87.6 |
68.6 |
77.6 |
72.2 |
0.61" |
1.08"
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| Jackson |
South |
88.0 |
64.7 |
76.0 |
72.8 |
1.60" |
1.87" |
For a link to the OARDC Weather Stations, check out: http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/centernet/weather.htm
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HORT SHORTS
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PLANTS OF THE WEEK:
Read all about perennials and landscape trees and shrubs in the ONLA publications "Perennial Plants for Ohio" and "Landscape Plants for Ohio." The descriptions and photographs of plants were provided for these publications by the OSU ENLT Team along with other industry plant lovers. These full-color publications are available at http://Buckeyegardening.com for $5.00. Click on "garden store" and then "onla plant guides." ONLA members can purchase these in quantities at a reduced price at http://onla.org .
* PERENNIAL PLANT OF THE WEEK. Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima is commonly known as the black-eyed Susan, yellow oxeye or the gloriosa daisy. This garden favorite is in the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. It is a vigorous grower and produces a bold splash of bloom color in mid to late summer the first year it is planted. Some describe the black-eyed Susan as a tender or short-lived perennial, but it does reseed naturally each year. Its use in the landscape includes sunny background borders and bedding displays. Hot dry summers do not seem to bother this plant.
*WOODY PLANT OF THE WEEK. Hydrangea paniculata, the panicle hydrangea, is in full bloom around Ohio this week. The flowers of this deciduous plant are white and as the season progresses change to purplish-pink and then finally brown. Flowers develop on new wood which allows this plant to be pruned in winter or early spring. This small tree or large shrub can reach heights to 15' with equal spread. It is often used in the landscape as a fast growing shrub border. H. paniculata is hardy to zone 3 and will tolerate the sometimes poor growing conditions found in urban landscapes. H. paniculata 'Tardiva' is similar to H. paniculata 'Floribunda' except it blooms a little later.
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SUMMER BROWNOUTS
Hot days have brought reports of LEAF SCORCH and other water related problems in landscapes. Leaf scorch occurs when roots are unable to supply sufficient water to the leaves in a timely manner. During sunny, hot, or windy conditions leaves lose moisture rapidly. Under drought conditions, roots are unable to replenish the lost water, and the leaves scorch. Tissues along the edges or between veins initially take on a bronze color and eventually turn brown and dry. Scorched leaves may remain on the trees.
Southern areas of the state have been experiencing droughty conditions and reports of scorch and wilting landscape plants are common. However, northern portions of the state have been receiving similar reports of wilting and scorch. A recent issue of BYGL reported scorch on plants that recently experienced flooding conditions in Lake County. BYGLers have speculated that the scorch and wilting occurring in soils with adequate moisture levels is due to similar root problems. In this current instance, rain events earlier in the season could have created water saturated root zones. Therefore, roots may not have developed adequately or they may have declined in the water-saturated soils. The result is plants with inadequate root systems. During conditions that require efficient movement of water, the plants begin to exhibit drought stress symptoms where drought conditions do not exist.
Before irrigating, use a trowel to check moisture levels several inches below the surface. If soil moisture is adequate and the plants are wilting or scorched, adding extra water may further stress water damaged roots.
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BUG BYTES
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BAGWORM APPEAL
An enthusiastic THANK YOU to all who have already responded to our query about who's seeing bagworm activity and where. Responses have come from private industry, Extension personnel, Master Gardener Volunteers and other government agencies. Even our own Director of Extension, Dr. Keith Smith, is plagued by bagworm on at least one of his blue spruces. Dr. Smith disclosed that he and his family are implementing an alternative control practice to manage his bagworm infestation; they are hand picking the bags off of the tree. It is good to know that our messages of IPM practices are being implemented. What a great measure of impact!
Individuals from several counties in Ohio; Elkhart, Indiana; and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs have thus far provided good information about bagworm and its whereabouts. This is fantastic to get this information. But, like any little kid, now we would like more!
We would like to hear from more of you throughout northern Ohio, Michigan, northwestern Pennsylvania and northern Indiana as to what you are seeing and experiencing with the bagworm. It will be greatly appreciated to receive the following information: the location; extent of infestations; hosts being affected; and how long bagworm has been in the area. As before, please e-mail your information to Curtis Young at: young.2@osu.edu. Thanks to all of you in advance.
 
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EMERALD ASH BORER QUARANTINE EXPANDED
Last week, the Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) announced the expansion of Ohio's emerald ash borer (EAB) quarantine to include Wyandot and Miami Counties. This marked the first EAB discovery in both counties, which officials have quarantined to halt the movement of ash tree material and hardwood firewood, which could harbor the pest.
Department officials discovered an infested ash tree at the southbound rest area along Interstate Highway 75, near Piqua in Miami County and near the intersection of U.S. Route 30 and State Route 23 in Upper Sandusky in Wyandot County. EAB surveyors made both discoveries while doing routine detection work in the area.
The origin of the infestations is unknown but likely resulted from the movement of firewood, ash tree nursery stock, ash logs, or other ash tree materials. Department surveyors will further investigate the size and origin of the infestations before determining how to proceed. In the meantime, the ODA has quarantined Miami and Wyandot counties, making it illegal for citizens to move ash trees, parts of ash trees, and all hardwood firewood out of the area. Violators face fines up to $4,000.
To date, EAB has been identified in 17 Ohio counties: Auglaize, Delaware, Defiance, Erie, Franklin, Fulton, Hancock, Henry, Huron, Lorain, Lucas, Miami, Sandusky, Ottawa, Williams, Wood and Wyandot counties. For more information about EAB, the state's quarantine, or for maps, go to http://www.ohioagriculture.gov/eab, or call 1-888-OHIO-EAB.
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WHAT CATERPILLAR IS THIS??
Two homeowners in two different Ohio counties described an unusual caterpillar that the BYGLers couldnt identify this week. WE need your HELP!! The caterpillars were described as small in both situations, hiding in a thin webbing at the base of a tree. The inquirer from Northwest Ohio described the mass of webbing as the length and shape of a watermelon, but only a few inches thick. He could see the tiny caterpillars through the veil of webbing and thought they were yellowish. He stated that he didnt understand the purpose of the webbing, as he could poke his finger through the veil and pull the caterpillars right out.
The second inquirer lives west of Columbus and described the webbing as a burr-like growth, like a mass, on the trunk of a maple tree. He said he could see the tiny caterpillars inside and thought they were babies. Anyone have any ideas on the ID of this strange insect? If so, please contact Barb Bloetscher at bloetscher.1@osu.edu.
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GALLS, GALLS, GALLS
Many insect and mite galls reach maturity around this time of the year and become very obvious to homeowners. After the galls have reached their maximum size, they often change colors, and some drop from trees. Galling calls to Extension offices usually increase in late summer.
Here are four "gall rules" to keep in mind when dealing with gall calls:
* Insect and mite plant galls are made of plant tissue, not gall-maker tissue. The gall-maker directs the growth of the plant tissue to become the gall.
* Galls can only form from plant tissue that is growing, or tissue that can grow. For example, once leaves fully expand, leaf galls cannot form. Most plant galls form in the spring.
* Galls are usually specific to their plant hosts, and they are always specific to the gall-maker. The gall-maker can be identified to species by looking at the gall structure, without the benefit of actually seeing the insect or mite.
* The vast majority of insect and mite plant galls cause little harm to the host. So, controls are not necessary. Gall-maker populations also tend to rise and fall from year-to-year meaning a tree that is heavily galled one season often has few galls the next season.
Following are few oak galls produced by gall wasps (family Cynipidae) that are now very apparent. SUCCULENT OAK GALLS are produced by the wasp Andricus palustris, and arise singly from the midvein on the underside of red oak leaves. The hollow, 1/4 - 1/2" diameter ball-shaped galls are turning from light green to brown, making them very obvious. The reddish-brown CLUSTERED MIDRIB GALLS, caused by the wasp Cynips dimorphus, arise from the midvein on the underside of burr oak leaves. These tiny galls look like small clusters of grapes. OAK LOBED GALLS, produced by the wasp C. strobilana, are one of the most dramatic galls found on burr oak. The golden-brown to brown, 1/2 - 3/4" wide, wedge-shaped galls arise from twig buds and grow in a tightly packed mass, with the flat tops of the galls slightly overlapping one another. Their size, color, and location make them very obvious.
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INTIMIDATING BLACK WIDOWS
Last week, we reported that calls to Extension offices regarding spiders are on the upswing ... 'tis the season. This week, Joe Boggs reported receiving a spat of phone calls concerning black widow spiders. Each caller shared the same misconception: they thought black widow spiders were not found in S.W. Ohio!
In fact, both the SOUTHERN BLACK WIDOW (Latrodectus mactans), and the NORTHERN BLACK WIDOW (L. various) are found throughout Ohio. The widow spiders are grouped with "cobweb weavers," and produce a small, tangled web. They are medium-sized spiders with bulbous abdomens. A covering of short, fine surface hairs give them a shiny or satiny sheen. Of course, black widows are .... black.
The old saying, "hour-glass red, you are dead," is based on two other misconceptions about black widows. The deep red marking on the underside of the abdomen is not always shaped like an hour-glass, and it may be orangish-red or yellow. The middle part of the hour-glass may be missing, or there may only be some variation of a "V"-shaped marking. Some individuals have no markings, while others sport a red line on the top of the abdomen.
The second misconception is that black widows represent a serious threat to Ohioans. While a black widow's bite is very serious, the spiders are not aggressive and they seldom venture into occupied homes or buildings. Both the northern and southern black widows prefer to live outside in old abandoned buildings, barns and wooden outhouses. Indeed, painful encounters declined with the widespread adoption of indoor plumbing. The northern widow also resides under rocks or logs, and may occasionally be found within dense shrubs. If a black widow is found outdoors, simply leave it alone. After all, they do eat insects and are considered beneficial.
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MILKWEED MARAUDERS AND ENTOMO-PREFERENCES
A number of plants in the milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae) have transcended "weed status" in recent years to join the ranks of plant-respectability. They are used in butterfly gardens, landscapes and naturalized areas. Their beautiful forms and flowers are enhanced by their special relationship with the MONARCH BUTTERFLY (Danaus plexippus).
The milkweed-monarch story is well known. Milkweeds protect themselves with alkaloid toxins, called cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) that are concentrated in the milky sap. Monarch caterpillars only feed on milkweeds, and they commandeer these toxins making both the caterpillars and adults unpalatable to predators. Their beautiful coloration advertises their noxious nature. However, the same relationship also exists between milkweeds and over 50 different taxonomic groups of milkweed-herbivorous insects. All accumulate milkweed toxins, and all advertise their toxic character through splashy coloration, usually involving an orange on black motif.
As the status of some milkweeds has changed, some interesting innocuous insects are now considered alarming plant pests. The favored monarchs may be joined by MILKWEED TUSSOCK MOTH (Euchaetes egle) caterpillars; RED MILKWEED BEETLES (Tetraopes tetrophthalmus); LARGE MILKWEED BUGS (Oncopeltus fasciatus); or SMALL MILKWEED BUGS (Lygaeus kalmii). The tussock moth caterpillars are covered in rows of black, orange, and white hairs. These striking caterpillars present a special challenge. They feed in groups on leaves, and will out-devour even the most voracious monarch caterpillars. Fortunately, the beetles and bugs cause little harm to milkweed, and the tussock moth caterpillars can be selectively removed by hand, sparing the beloved monarchs. After all, monarchs are called monarchs for a reason!
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THE WHEEL ON THE BUG GOES HALF WAY ROUND
Joe Boggs reported observing adult WHEEL BUGS (Arilus cristatus) in the northern Kentucky-southern Ohio area. These are fascinating yet vicious true bugs (Order: Hemiptera, Family: Reduviidae) to watch. They are large insects (1-1 1/4" in length). Their color varies from light gray to bluish-gray to grayish-brown. Their common name is derived from a peculiar morphological feature that rises from the top of the bug's thorax. The structure looks like half of a cog-wheel, with the gear teeth clearly visible.
Wheel bugs, as well as all the other members of the Reduviidae, are stealthy predators (beneficial insects) commonly called assassin, ambush or thread-legged bugs. The bugs come equipped with piercing-sucking mouthparts that are used to impale their victims, and inject paralyzing and pre-digestive enzymes into their prey. After a short period of ecto-digestion time to allow the soft inner tissues of the host to dissolve, the bugs suck the essence-of-insect from their hapless victims. While these are beneficial insects, they should be handled with great care if at all. All members of the family are capable of delivering a painful bite to people. The pain of a wheel bug bite has been described as being equal to or more powerful than a hornet sting, and taking over a week to heal.
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DISEASE DIGEST
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WALNUT LEAVES RAIN DOWN
Curtis Young and Joe Boggs both observed the rapid defoliation of black walnut trees by the fungal pathogen Gnomonia leptostyla, commonly called WALNUT ANTHRACNOSE. This is the most common disease of black walnut and occurs wherever black walnut is grown. It will also infect butternut, Persian walnut and the first generation hybrids of Persian X black walnut. Like most anthracnose diseases, wet spring weather is ideal for its development. Those symptoms may not become visible until June or July.
Symptoms appear as dark brown circular lesions that range in size from a pinprick to 1/2" diameter on fully expanded leaves and are typically surrounded by a yellow margin. These lesions are apparent from both the upper and lower leaf surfaces. The severity of walnut anthracnose tends to increase as the summer progresses. This is due to the cyclic nature of this fungus, which continues to infect leaf tissue during the growing season, especially if rainfall is frequent. Infections may also appear as dark, sunken spots on the nut husks. Anthracnose may also affect the quality of the nut meat and cause the nuts to drop prematurely.
Tree leaves heavily infected with walnut anthracnose begin to turn yellow and drop. The tree may be completely defoliated by the end of August. While overall tree growth during a growing season may be reduced by leaf loss, trees are not usually harmed by walnut anthracnose.
Whether black walnut is used as shade, ornamental or nut-producing trees, one of the best ways to minimize the affect of this fungus is to eliminate any fungus overwintering on leaves. This can be done by raking up the leaves and either burning them or properly composting them. This will reduce the amount of ascospore inoculum, which causes primary infection in the spring. Overall, this will help keep those nuts where they belong...in the trees!
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THE MOIST CHAMBER
Nancy Taylor of the PPDC noted the following samples of diseases received this past week included:
* DAYLILY RUST on daylilies causing the characteristic bright yellow spots and/or water soaked lesions followed by the development of yellow to dark rust colored pustules on the underside of the leaves.
* PHYTOPHTHORA was determined to be the culprit responsible for causing the death of a sample of Limber pine.
* RHIZOCTONIA or web blight was the cause of the white, tuft-like mass of mycelium at the base of the stem of a sample of sweet woodruff.
* ENTOMOSPORIUM LEAF SPOT was the cause small, angular, brown spots on leaves, especially on lower leaves from a sample of Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.). These leaves eventually turn yellow and if the petioles are infected, the leaves will drop off.
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TURF TIPS
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CRABGRASS CONTROL THIS LATE?
Many lawn managers have been green with envy at the quantity of crabgrass growing in their lawns compared to neighboring yards, and have requested an herbicide to kill this annual weed. Although some herbicides will still offer control at this late date, several points should be considered. The first point is perhaps the most obvious, that if the crabgrass population is high, and killed with an herbicide, the lawn is going to be brown until fall, when it will need to be overseeded. Since crabgrass is an annual and will die this fall, as long as the seed heads are mowed before releasing seed, they will not spread this year. The next point is the cost of purchasing and applying an herbicide to control a weed that will die in a few months. Priorities may help to determine the fate of the crabgrass this year.
Turfgrass agronomists state that the herbicide Drive (quinclorac) will still effectively control crabgrass this time of the year, with little or no phytotoxity to the turfgrass. The key to obtaining good control is to apply it when the turfgrass is not under drought stress, and to mix Drive with a spreader-sticker containing a non-ionic crop seed oil. Dr. John Street prefers methylated seed oil.
If the decision is made to avoid the expense of treating, change the strategy to reduce the crabgrass invasion in the future. The most important key to avoid crabgrass is to mow the turfgrass higher! Desirable species of turfgrass are more prosperous and able to out-compete crabgrass and other annual grasses if mowed at 2 1/2 - 3". Mow the turfgrass on a regular basis so that only 1/3 of the grass blades are removed to reduce stress and apply enough fertilizer at the recommended times to keep the turfgrass healthy and vigorous. Selecting the species of turfgrass best acclimated to the site will also lead to success. Plan to apply a pre-emergent crabgrass herbicide in March-April, (see OSU Fact Sheet for date per location) for assurance of good preventive control.
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INDUSTRY INSIGHT
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NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS CONTINUE
Nancy Taylor reported that the Clinic continues to receive tree leaf samples that express nutrient deficiency symptoms, particularly manganese deficiency. The following report provides helpful insights into nutrient deficiencies. It was written by Hannah Mathers (HCS) and appeared in BYGL 2006-14 (7/6/06):
The two most common micro nutrient deficiencies of woody plants are Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn). Fe deficiency is particularly evident in Ohio on pin, white and scarlet oak, white pine, sweet gum, star magnolia and oriental photinia. Fe deficiencies are also common in acid loving plants such as Rhododendrons, Pieris, and blueberries. Iron exists in the soil as both ferric (Fe+3) and ferrous (Fe+2) cations. The Fe+2 form is thought to be the one that is actively taken up by plants. The root tips are extremely important in Fe uptake. The development of young root tips or destruction of root tips can strongly influence the availability of Fe to the plant. One source of Fe that can be applied to correct deficiencies is iron sulfate (FeS04). Trunk injections and implants in landscape trees of FeS04 have been effective for correcting deficiency symptoms for one season with oaks and other species.
Manganese deficiencies are particularly evident in Ohio on Norway, sugar, red and silver maples, and flowering cherries. Mn plays an essential role in photosynthesis and respiration. Mn deficiency symptoms are often confused with iron and zinc because the chlorosis symptoms are similar. Leaves of deficient plants may develop pale, brownish or purplish spots. The incidence and severity of Mn deficiency appears to be somewhat dependent on seasonal conditions. The deficiency is often worse in cold wet seasons possibly because of a reduction in root metabolic activity affecting Mn uptake. One source of Mn for plants is manganese sulfate (MnS04). Implants of MnS04 have been effective in correcting Mn deficiencies.
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COMING ATTRACTIONS
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SALSA V
The next session of SALSA (Secrest Academy of Landscape science and Arts) is scheduled to begin Monday, August 21, 2006, with subsequent sessions on September 18 and October 16. SALSA is for individuals with a professional or personal interest in an intensive, hands-on landscape learning experience. It is a series of three full day-long courses (9:00 a.m. - 5:30 p.m.) at the OSU Secrest Arboretum and the OSU Extension Center at Wooster.
Each SALSA series may be taken independently from the others. The three sessions of SALSA V will focus on Plant Physiology, Plant Propagation, Pest and Disease Identification, Disease and Insect Management, Fall Bulbs, Natural History of Plants, Arboretum Walks, and Landscape Design. Faculty for SALSA V will include: Jim Chatfield , OSU Extension Center at Wooster and Departments of HCS and Plant Pathology, Joe Cochran, Secrest Arboretum, OSU, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ken Cochran, Secrest Arboretum, OSU, OARDC, and Erik Draper, OSU Extension, Geauga County.
Class sizes are limited. The cost of SALSA Course V is $300 for the full three days of programming. This fee includes reference materials, lunches and refreshments. For more information about SALSA send an email to: cochran.58@osu.edu
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AUGUST DIAGNOSTIC WALKABOUT
On the Northcoast is Thursday, August 31 at 7:30 a.m. in the Cleveland/North Olmsted area. OSU Extension Educators Tim Malinich and Charles Behnke (retired) will once again take a look at landscape and turf problems during these early morning walkabouts. Recertification credits available for Core, category 8 and 6A. Call 216-429-8224 to request a registration flyer with more information.
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The 55th DIAGNOSTIC WORKSHOP
Commercial and amateur plant caregivers should attend the 55th Ohio Plant Diagnostic Workshop in Youngstown, Ohio! OSU Extension, Mahoning County is hosting the next OSU Extension Nursery, Landscape, Turf Team diagnostic workshop on September 13 th, 2006 from 9:30a.m.- 3:00p.m.. The workshop will be held on the grounds of the delightful Fellows Riverside Gardens 123 McKinley Avenue, Youngstown. Registration fee is $30.00 which includes lunch. Register by mail or in person at OSU Extension, Mahoning County, 490 S. Broad Street, Canfield, Ohio 44406. For more information send an email to: goerig.1@osu.edu
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TREE SURVIVAL SCHOOL for 2006
Will be held on October 4, 5, and 6 in Bay Village, Cuyahoga county. Randy Zondag and Alan Siewert will teach this three-day school. Class limited to 35 participants. ISA credits are available for certified arborists. For registration questions, call 440-225-7613.
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PESTICIDE LICENSE TRAINING SCHOOL
Scheduled for October 10th in Lorain County. This is a training session for those preparing to take the test or obtain ODA Recertification credit in ornamental, turf or industrial vegetation. For registration questions, call 440-225-7613.
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OCTOBER 11 TREE FORUM
The "Why Trees Matter" Community Tree Forum, featuring the "Environmental, Economic and Social Benefits and Impacts of Community Forests" will be held on October 11 at OSU's OARDC in Wooster. This forum is a program of the OSU Next STEP (Street Tree Evaluation Program), OSU's Secrest Arboretum, and the OSU Extension Center at Wooster. "Why Trees Matter" is for all those interested in Ohios community forests, including street tree commissions, mayors, arborists and urban foresters, utility companies, economic development and resource managers, nurserymen and landscapers, and all citizens of Ohio interested in the resource of trees in our urban and suburban areas.
Additional programs at the Forum will include the current and future Street Tree Evaluation Program of OSU partnering with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Forestry and the development of the new OSU Community Tree research plots at Secrest Arboretum and in communities throughout Ohio. For further information and registration materials for October 11, contact Sue Beasley at the OSU Extension Center at Wooster at Beasley.37@osu.edu, 330-263-3799, fax = 330-263-3667, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691).
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BYGLOSOPHY
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A weed is but an unloved flower. ~Ella Wheeler Wilcox
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