Pam Bennett, Barb Bloetscher, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Dave Goerig, Tim Malinich, Jane Martin, Amy Stone, and Curtis Young
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April 20, 2006
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This is the Third 2006 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL).
BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension
agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio.
BYGL is also made available on the Internet from the Ohio State University
Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS) in Virtual Perspective website
(http://bygl.osu.edu). Additional fact sheet information on any of
these articles may be found through the OSU fact sheet database (http://plantfacts.osu.edu).
BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support
from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional
funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT).
Participants in the April 18, 2006 conference included: Pam Bennett (Clark); Barb Bloetscher (Entomology/C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic (CWEPPDC)); Joe Boggs (Hamilton/Piketon); Jim Chatfield (Center at Wooster/HCS); Joe Rimelspach (Plant Pathology); Dave Shetlar (Entomology); Amy Stone (Lucas); Curtis Young (Allen); and Randy Zondag (Lake). .
Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found
through the OSU Factsheet Database (http://plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/)
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WEATHER WATCH
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Temperatures have been warmer than average across the Buckeye State. Rainfall amounts have been scattered, even in a given county or region. Although BYGLE lists 5 locations across the state for the weekly weatherwatch, locations of other OARDC weather stations include: Wooster; Western (South Charleston); Piketon; Southern (Ripley); Madison; Vegetable Crops (Fremont); Ashtabula; and Delaware.
| Weather Station |
Region of Ohio |
Ave. High Temp F | Ave. Low Temp F | Ave. Temp F | Normal Ave. Temp F | Total Precip " | Normal Precip " | | Perry |
NE |
58.5 |
39.4 |
NA
|
NA |
4.11 |
NA |
| Hoytville |
NW |
64.5 |
39.4 |
51.6 |
45.8 |
1.49 |
1.80 |
| Columbus |
Central |
67.3 |
43.4 |
55.1 |
48.4 |
1.84 |
2.14 |
| Miami |
SW |
67.6 |
44.4 |
55.9 |
48.1 |
2.38 |
1.90 |
| Jackson |
South |
70.0 |
42.5 |
56.1 |
49.4 |
3.31 |
2.27 |
For a link to the OARDC Weather Stations, check out: http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/centernet/weather.htm
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HORT SHORTS
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GDD (GROWING DEGREE DAYS)
GDD is a measure of the daily maximum and minimum temperature and directly relates to growth and development of plants and insects. The GDD of any zip code location in Ohio is estimated using the GDD of ten OARDC weather stations and is available on the web at the site below.
The range of GDD accumulations in Ohio from north to south is 137 to 306. Following is a report of GDD for several locations around Ohio as of April 19, 2006: Painesville, 137; Cleveland, 145; Toledo, 160; Youngstown, 163; Lima, 178; Wooster, 186; Coshocton, 205; Columbus, 225; Springfield, 199; Dayton, 216; Cincinnati, 252; Ironton, 291; Portsmouth, 293; and Piketon, 306.
To put these GDD accumulations into perspective, the following is an abbreviated listing of plant and insect species with their respective phenological event and average GDD accumulations at which these events occur. Due to variations in weather, temperature, humidity, etc., these events may occur a few days earlier or later than predicted by the average GDD. By looking at a city, town, or village near you from the above list, or visiting the above web site, you can see what could be taking place in the landscape around you.
Saucer magnolia, first bloom, 133; Bradford callery pear, first bloom, 142; European pine sawfly, egg hatch, 144; weeping Higan cherry, first bloom, 145; P.J.M. rhododendron, first bloom, 147; chanticleer callery pear, full bloom, 149; Norway maple, full bloom, 149; inkberry leafminer, adult emergence, 150; sargent cherry, full bloom, 151; star magnolia, full bloom, 151; Allegheny serviceberry, first bloom, 153; Manchu cherry, full bloom, 155; spring snow crabapple, first bloom, 155; apple serviceberry, first bloom, 159; spruce spider mite, egg hatch, 162; Bradford callery pear, full bloom, 164; Allegheny serviceberry, full bloom, 169; saucer magnolia, full bloom, 174; P.J.M. rhododendron, full bloom, 178; boxwood psyllid, egg hatch, 179; weeping Higan cherry, full bloom, 179; Koreanspice viburnum, first bloom, 185; regent serviceberry, first bloom, 186; Japanese flowering crabapple, first bloom, 189; eastern redbud, first bloom, 191; gypsy moth, egg hatch, 192; Koreanspice viburnum, full bloom, 205; azalea lace bug, egg hatch, 206; Spring Snow crabapple, full bloom, 209; common flowering quince, full bloom, 214; birch leafminer, adult emergence, 215; 'Coralburst' crabapple, first bloom, 217; elm leafminer, adult emergence, 219; common chokecherry, full bloom, 221; alder leafminer, adult emergence, 224; honeylocust plant bug, egg hatch, 230; common lilac, first bloom, 234; Ohio buckeye, first bloom, 245; common horse chestnut, first bloom, 251; hawthorn lace bug, adult emergence, 253; hawthorn leafminer, adult emergence, 260; flowering dogwood, first bloom, 263; red buckeye, first bloom, 265; blackhaw viburnum, first bloom, 269; imported willow leaf beetle, adult emergence, 274; sargent crabapple, full bloom, 298; red horsechestnut, first bloom, 304; pine needle scale, egg hatch - 1st generation, 305; cooley spruce gall adelgid, egg hatch, 308; and eastern spruce gall adelgid, egg hatch, 308.
 
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PLANT PHENOLOGY
Spring continues splashing color daily around the state. In the southern area, Joe Boggs noted that weeping cherries (Prunus spp.) were finished blooming and the crabapples (Malus spp.) (beautiful according to Joe) and redbuds (Cercis Canadensis) were in full bloom. The bracts of flowering dogwoods (Cornus florida) were just beginning to show color.
Pam Bennett noted that the following plants were in full bloom in central Ohio: floweringuince (Chaenomeles speciosa), forsythia (Forsythia spp.), weeping cherry, serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), PJM rhododendron (Rhododendron spp), Norway and sugar maple (Acer platanoides and A. saccharum), callery pear (Pyrus calleryana), early crabapples such as 'Radiant' and 'Royalty', Koreanspice viburnum (Viburnum carlesi), and bridalwreath spiraea (Spiraea prunifolia). Saucer magnolia (Magnolia soulangiana) was at petal-drop and the redbuds, later-blooming crabapples, and flowering dogwoods were just beginning to open.
Just up the road from Joe, in the Lima area, Curtis Young said that forsythia were still going strong and plums (Prunus spp.), callery pear, and saucer magnolia were in full bloom as well. The redbud blooms were swelling and appeared ready to open with the next few sunny days.
Across the state, in the Wooster area, Jim Chatfield noted that callery pears and saucer magnolias were in full bloom and 'Strawberry Parfait' crabapple, one of the earliest, was just starting to bloom.
A bit further north of Jim, Erik Draper noted that weeping cherry and forsythia were in full bloom and saucer magnolias were nearing full bloom; Norway maples, serviceberries, and redbuds were beginning to show bud color and star magnolias (M. stellata) were finishing up.
And in the far northern part of the state, Randy Zondag said it was still winter. Just kidding - forsythia were in full bloom and the callery pears and saucer magnolias were starting to open. Redbuds and crabapples were still tight bud stage.
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PLANTS OF THE WEEK
Read all about perennials and landscape trees and shrubs in the publications "Perennial Plants for Ohio" and "Landscape Plants for Ohio" published by the ONLA. The descriptions and photographs of plants were provided for this new publication by the OSU ENLT Team along with other industry plant lovers. These full-color publications are available at http://Buckeyegardening.com for $5.00. Click on "garden store" and then "onla plant guides." ONLA members can purchase these in quantities at a reduced price at http://onla.org
*PERENNIAL PLANT OF THE WEEK. Old-fashioned bleeding hearts (Dicentra spectabilis) - This perennial is in full bloom in central Ohio, gracing gardens with its pendulous sweep of pink, heart-shaped flowers. Plants can grow 3' tall and wide and will bloom for a few more weeks until the heat of the summer catches up. It's best planted in the shade and goes dormant in the heat of summer. Other cultivars include 'Alba' with its white blooms and 'Gold Heart' with bright gold foliage and pink flowers.
*WOODY PLANT OF THE WEEK: Crabapple (Malus spp.) - Crabapples are already displaying full-bloom in southern Ohio. Bloom is emerging on early bloomers and just starting to appear on later taxa in the central part of the state. The show is just starting in northeast Ohio, with early bloomers such as 'Strawberry Parfait' just showing their first blooms this past Wednesday at Secrest Arboretum's Crablandia plots. New York City, with its climate modified by the ocean, is fully ablaze with crabapples as well. This is evidenced by the full crabapple bloom in Central Park's Conservatory Garden allees, featured front and center in the New York Times newspaper this past Monday.
Now for a few featured crabapples popular here in Ohio:
Malus is a popular genus with numerous species, cultivars and hybrids (over 1000 taxa) of small flowering trees with wide range of flower, foliage, form and fruit features. With uprights to weepers, white to coral pink flowers, dark green to purple foliage, and cherry red to golden fruits, this is an ornamental tree for all seasons. Following are a few crabapple cultivars and species which illustrate their range.
'Adirondack'. One of the few outstanding crabapples with narrow upright tree form. Clean foliage, orange-red fruits, and showy white flowers. Excellent autumn foliage and fruit combination of reds and oranges. 15'.
'Excalibur'. Symmetrical globe-shaped tree form. Golden yellow fruits maturing to cider colors are ornamental in the fall months. Petite white flowers and fruits lining branches are outstanding features. 10'.
'Holiday Gold'. Rounded to open tree form. Golden yellow fruits with red blush attractive early fall to late winter. Consistent white blooms. 18'.
'Louisa'. Outstanding weeping form with graceful arching branches. Soft pink flowers. Fruits are a golden orange color. 12 foot. Other crabapples that are spreading-weepers but not as much true weepers include 'Anne E', 'Molten Lava', 'Mary Potter', and 'Candymint'.
'Prairifire'. Rounded to open tree form. Consistent stunning display of coral-pink flowers. Attractive glossy green foliage with a purple tinge. Purple fruits are ornamental from late June to early December and are paired with orange fall color of spur leaves. 18'.
'Red Jewel'. Upright oval tree habit with outstanding cherry red fruits that are highly ornamental little mini-apples all the way into early spring. Snow white flowers. 15'.
M. sargentii. This species is a spreading dwarf type to 8-10 feet. Excellent petite white flowers and attractive scarlet fruits. Effective landscape use is to plant in groups of three.
'Sargentina'. Smaller yet variation on the Sargent crabapple, growing to 4-5' in height with dainty white flowers and attractive red fruits.
'Sugar Tyme'. Good rounded overall form, but the flower and fruits are the main attractions. Sugary white mass of blooms consistent from year to year followed by showy apple red fruits that are ornamental well into the winter months.
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SECREST SIGHTINGS
In last week's BYGL, we noted that pawpaw (Asimina triloba) flower buds at Secrest Arboretum were "black felt-like domes," and about the size of pencil erasers. This week they grew about 3-4 times in size, are a large-tear drop shape, are becoming pendant, and magically now have an emerald green color. Very cool. Magnolias remain magnificent. PJM rhododendrons are in bloom and show their flower color variability within the grex (a "grex" refers to the progeny of a number of different crosses between species; in this case between Rhododendron carolinianum and R. dauricum var. sempervirens).
A particularly acute observation of spring floral effect was made by Secrest curator Ken Cochran. He called Jim Chatfield Saturday afternoon and insisted that he come take a look at the transformation of Prunus campanulata 'Okame'. The 'Okame' cherry in the Arboretum had changed in its spectacular floral effect from pink to red in only a few days. You could see it from a football field away: the soft pink petals provided the effect at first bloom, but as these fell, the overall look was provided by the remaining scarlet red calyxes (flower envelope) and flower stalks.
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"GAK" STUCK UNDER THE DOWNSPOUT
Curtis Young reported discovering a wad of what looked like gray paper stuck under the downspout of his office building while surveying the condition of landscape plants around the building. After mumbling a few choice words about the inconsiderate person who shoved the paper where it did not belong, he went to remove it. What was found was not paper at all, but rather a pair of GRAY TREE FROGS (Hyla versicolor or H. chrysoscelis) from the nearby swampy area and woodlot.
The gray tree frog is apparently the chameleon of the frog world. Coloration is normally a mottled gray, but some appear more greenish-gray or pearly-gray depending upon the frog's environment or activity. Light colored spots appear below each eye and in some, these spots are bright white. The inner portions of the hind legs are bright orange to yellow-gold in color. These colorful areas are concealed when the frog is sitting, but displayed when it jumps - the flash of color may confuse predators.
The skin of the gray tree frog is not as smooth as with other tree frogs, but not as grossly bumpy as toads. The surface of the skin is also moist to the touch and somewhat tacky. For those with young children, the overall sensation of handling these frogs is like rolling Nickelodeon's pliable toy called "Gak" in your hand. Another distinguishing characteristic of tree frogs is the large adhesive pads on the ends of their toes, which allow them to cling to vertical surfaces including trees and branches.
Gray tree frogs are common throughout the southern United States, and have been found as far north as the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Manitoba. They live wherever they find small ponds, roadside ditches and other pools of standing water. The best habitat is shallow water located close to mixed stands of willows, oaks and pines. The frogs also prefer lots of overhead vegetation, and fallen branches or extensive vegetation along the waters edge. They often congregate in areas with an abundance of shrubs and vines. This is somewhat descriptive of areas around Curtis' office; standing pools of shallow water, cattails, willow shrubs, pine and spruce trees and many fallen trees.
The gray tree frog's breeding season lasts from early April through July. Males begin calling at breeding sites when night air temperatures reach around 60F. The males havent started singing yet, but are expected to begin soon. Their calls resemble musical, birdlike or buzzing trills, and the chorus attracts females to the site. The frogs then breed in water.
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BUG BYTES
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BORERS FROM THE ASHES OF FIREWOOD
Curtis Young and Joe Boggs reported receiving several specimens of BANDED ASH BORERS (Neoclytus caprea) that had been discovered and collected at windows inside of homes. This beetle is one of several native species of insect borers that infest ash trees and it belongs to the beetle Family Cerembycidae. Members of this family are referred to as "longhorned beetles," because of their unusually long antennae. However, banded ash borer beetles lack this characteristic and their antennae are relatively short. The source of these beetles was most likely firewood that was stored in one of the rooms.
The adult banded ash borer beetle is an attractive insect that is dark brown to almost black in coloration and from 1/2" - 1" long. The back of the beetle is marked with four white to yellow bands with the first two joined along the midline to form two "loops." Also, there is a distinct stripe behind the head.
Finding borers emerging from ash logs alarms homeowners, especially with the high awareness of the possible presence of the EMERALD ASH BORER (Agrilus planipennis). Fortunately, banded ash borers tend to only infest highly stressed trees on the verge of death or recently dead trees such as newly cut logs for lumber or firewood. The beetle is most frequently viewed as a forest products pest more than an urban landscape pest. Larvae feed parallel with the grain of the sapwood, and they fill their tunnels with tightly packed sawdust-like frass. Heavily infested logs and firewood may be honeycombed with frass-filled tunnels.
As its common name implies, banded ash borer favors ash; however, the beetle will also infests hickory, elm, hackberry, pecan, and occasionally white oak. The borer shares part of its common name with another ash borer, the BANDED ASH CLEARWING (Podosesia aureocincta), which is a moth. Unfortunately, both insects are sometimes referred to as "banded ash borers," and this can create some confusion. The clearwing moth targets ash trees that are alive, but suffering from stress.
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SWARMS OF ANTS AND TERMITES
The CWEPPDC received multiple calls over the past few weeks about ant and termite swarms. This perennial celebration of life enables the ants and termites to form alates, or "reproductives," for the purpose of mating and establishing new colonies in other locations.
Swarming ants include CARPENTER ANTS as well as PAVEMENT ANTS. It is important to properly identify the ants since carpenter ants tunnel in wood, and pavement ants do not. Pavement ants are light brown and 1/16-1/8 long. Unlike carpenter ants, pavement ants have two nodes that arise between the thorax and abdomen. This feature, as well as wrinkles on their heads and thorax, can be clearly seen with a hand lens.
Control of pavement ants is very different from carpenter ants, as they are attracted to sweets and/or protein sources instead of moist or rotting wood. A common mistake made when controlling pavement ants is directly spraying the ant workers, or areas where they travel. Because pavement ant colonies have multiple queens, insecticide applications can cause the colony to split and form multiple colonies. In many cases, direct treatment of the colony or the use of baits results in more effective control.
One of the most important differences between swarming ants and termites is illustrated in the name given to the termite insect order. Termites belong to the insect order Isoptera. "Iso" means "equal", and "ptera" means "winged." The front and hind wings of termites are equal in all respects. Indeed, it is difficult to tell the difference. Termites also have beaded antennae and they do not have a constriction between the abdomen and thorax which makes them look like they have a thick waist.
Finding a carpenter ant or termite swarm in a structure does not necessarily indicate a colony is already present in the wood of the structure, but suggests that the owner should investigate and look for signs of damage. If several swarms occur indoors, or occur in consecutive seasons, then the likelihood of a colony already living in the wood is manifested.
Several instructive OSU Extension Factsheet have been recently written on termites that include information on different available treatments. The web addresses for these Factsheet are: http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2092.html; http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2092C.html; and http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2092A.html.
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CARPENTER BEES SUVERYING NEST SITES
It is that time of the year again when carpenter bees emerge from their overwintering tunnels to start their carpentry activity anew. The name carpenter bee applies to several species of bees in the United States that excavate tunnels in sound wood. There are both large (Xylocopa spp.) and small (Ceratina spp.) carpenter bees. One species that is very common in Ohio is Xylocopa virginica, a large species found in much of the Eastern US. They are similar in size and appearance to bumble bees (Bombus spp.), but the top surface of the abdomen is shiny black and almost entirely hairless. Males have a white face, whereas the female's face is black.
Carpenter bees are often seen hovering around structures with exposed, unpainted, weathered wood including: decks, eaves, and gables of homes as well as around sheds, garages and barns, swing sets, arbors, and gazeboes. Male carpenter bees patrol these areas and dive bomb and strafe anyone or anything thing that draws near the nesting sites. They aggressively defend their territories, but they lack a stinger and are harmless, so their aggression is just a show. Female carpenter bees do not actively defend nesting sites and are usually not aggressive, but females can sting if they are handled.
Carpenter bees cause damage to wooden structures by boring into timbers and siding to prepare nests. They do not eat the wood; they are pollen feeders. The nests weaken structural wood and leave unsightly holes and stains on building surfaces. Sound, undecayed wood without paint or bark is usually selected for nests. Carpenter bees frequently attack soft wood lumber such as redwood, cedar, and pine. They avoid most of the harder woods.
Prevention is the main approach to managing carpenter bees. If possible, susceptible exterior parts of a building should be constructed out of hardwoods not normally attacked by the bees for nests, or wood should be painted or completely covered with materials such as vinyl or aluminum. On all buildings, fill depressions and cracks in wood surfaces so they are less attractive. Apply oil-based enamel paint or varnish to exposed surfaces regularly to reduce weathering. Latex paints and stains are much less effective in preventing carpenter bee activity. Fill unoccupied holes with steel wool and caulk to prevent their reuse. Wait until after bees have emerged before filling the tunnels. Once filled, paint or varnish the repaired surfaces. Protect rough areas, such as ends of timbers, with wire screening or metal flashing.
If an infestation is high or risk of damage is great, insecticides may be used to augment other methods of control. Treat active nests (those containing eggs, larvae, or pupae) with liquid or dust formulations of insecticides such as carbaryl (e.g. Sevin) or a synthetic pyrethroid (e.g., permethrin or cyfluthrin). Applying these products is a challenge because of the orientation of the entrances to the nests.
For those who have a bit more time on their hands and need a little exercise, nailing the bees with a tennis or badminton racket is entertaining and reduces the numbers. Obviously, extreme caution should be exercised when challenging insects that can sting (females only).
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WHAT IS THAT TICK/SPIDER/INSECT/CRAB-LIKE THING????
Pam Bennett reported that a lady brought in a sample of a tiny critter that looked like a spider and a tick and a tiny crab combined. Kathy McConkey, (OSU Extension, Clark County Program Assistant), identified the pest as a PSEUDOSCORPION.
There are over 200 species of pseudoscorpions found in North America and they are very common, though they are only occasionally found indoors. These tiny creatures are a type of arachnid and are related to spiders, ticks, mites, and scorpions. They are only about 1/5" long and reddish or brown. They often appear crab-like when they walk, and despite their pincer-like appendages, they are harmless to people. When they find their way into homes, they most commonly appear in relatively damp areas such as laundry rooms, basements, and bathrooms. In most cases, hand removal is the only necessary control.
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ASSASSINS IN CAMO
Past issues of BYGL have occasionally covered some of our allies in the management of insects and mites in the landscape. Many of these bio-allies are well known, while others are more obscure. Some are quite obvious when they are present, while others are very cryptic.
Curtis Young reported receiving an e-mail image of a very unusual beneficial insect. The insect was found inside of a home walking across laundry. Curtis could determine that the subject was an immature (nymph), but the critter appeared to be out of focus. It was all fuzzy! After some deliberation, Curtis was eventually able to identify the mystery insect as the MASKED HUNTER (Reduvius personatus).
The masked hunter is a member of the assassin bug family (family Reduviidae). Assassin bugs get their name from the way they attack and inflict sharp stabs on their victims. Most are elongate, often nearly parallel-sided bugs, 1/2-1 3/8" long. Adult masked hunters are 3/4"-7/8" long, chocolate brown, with slender antennae and walking-type legs. Their beaks are curved, not slender and tapered. They are attracted to lights and thus frequently end up inside of man-made structures. They are very active and also enter houses in search of bed bugs, bat bugs, flies, and other insects. Adults can lay eggs inside of homes and nymphs develop there as well.
The insect gets its name because of an unusual habit practiced by the nymphs. They cover their head, body, legs, and antennae with a sticky substance that causes dust and lint to adhere to the insect. The detritus on their head gives rise to the "masked" in their common name. The nymphs camouflage is so successful that they are often only seen when they move. Even then, they look like "walking dust balls" and may appear to be out of focus in a photograph. Nymphs hibernate in homes in the winter in the 4th-5th instar stages and reach maturity the following spring.
The masked hunter can inflict a painful bite similar to a bee sting. Bites are uncommon but can occur when the insects are handled or sometimes when adults fly and land on a person. Fortunately, the masked hunter is not known to transmit human diseases.
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WINDSHIELD WIPES
BYGLers also ran into a few other insects and mites this week, including:
* An emerald ash borer (EAB) infested ash tree was discovered by The Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) in a woodlot near the intersection of Orange Road and Old State Road in Delaware County. The discovery occurred when ODA officials were establishing a detection tree a survey tool used throughout Ohio for EAB detection. The origin of infestation is unknown, but likely resulted from the movement of firewood, ash tree nursery stock, ash logs, or other ash tree materials. Officials will destroy the infested tree and quarantine the property until they do further investigation. The department has not yet established plans for eradication.
The original Delaware eradication, which is about six miles north of the newly discovered infestation, is nearing completion. To date, EAB has been identified in Auglaize, Delaware, Defiance, Erie, Franklin, Fulton, Hancock, Henry, Huron, Lorain, Lucas, Sandusky, Ottawa, Wood, and Williams counties.
* Redbuds are blooming in southern Ohio which means that overwintered SPRUCE SPIDER MITE (Oligonychus ununguis) eggs should be hatching. Use a beating tray to detect and monitor this cool-season conifer pest. This tool can be a purchased piece of equipment or simply a stick and an 8.5 x 11 tablet of white paper. Hold the white target beneath the conifer foliage and strike the foliage several times with a stick or rod causing the mites to drop onto the white surface. Slow-moving dots that are not much bigger than the period at the end of this sentence are spider mites. The faster moving dots are likely to be predaceous mites. A greenish-brown streak produced by using a finger to smash and smear discloses a deceased spruce spider mite.
* Dave Shetlar noted that the adults of four leafmining sawflies should soon be flying in southwest Ohio. These are: ELM LEAFMINER (Fenusa ulmi), EUROPEAN ALDER LEAFMINER (F. dohrnii), BIRCH LEAFMINER (F. pusilla), and HAWTHORN LEAFMINER (Profenusa canadensis). Larvae of these sawflies mine the leaf parenchyma, producing large, blister like, reddish brown "blotch" mines. It is too late for soil drench applications of imidacloprid (e.g. Merit; Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Insect Killer Concentrate) to prevent all damage since it takes around 30 days for the insecticide to move into the plant in concentrations sufficient to provide control. However, a soil drench application made now kills larvae in their developing mines. Foliar applications of pyrethroid insecticides may also provide some control.
* Joe Boggs reported that the silk nests of EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma disstria) in branch forks of cherry, a favored host, are now becoming very evident in southwest Ohio. Nests are rapidly moving past golf ball-size and closing in on baseball-size. FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (M. americanum) colonies are now generating phone calls. The colonies may contain hundreds of hairy caterpillars and their collective image resembles patches of fur on twigs and branches. The caterpillars are primarily being found on maple and oak. See last weeks BYGL (BYGL 2006-2, 4/13/06) for more information on these general defoliators.
* Roses in southwest and central Ohio are leafing out meaning that possible infestations of BRISTLY ROSESLUG (Cladius difformis) are looming on the horizon. Early instar larvae feed as leaf skeletonizers on the underside of leaves. The upper epidermis is left intact, and eventually turns white producing a "windowpane" effect. Later instar larvae feed between the main veins producing holes in leaves. This is a "season-long" pest, and may have as many as six generations per season in Ohio. An application of imidacloprid (e.g. Merit) made now stems the tide of damage caused this rose pest.
* Droopy leaves caused by the depredations of the BUCKEYE PETIOLE BORER (Proteoteras aesculuana) are appearing on buckeye trees in southern Ohio. Larvae of this tiny moth bore into leaf petioles causing new leaves to droop, shrivel, and turn dark green to black. Symptoms may superficially resemble frost or freeze damage. Look for a slight swelling and a small hole in the petioles of affected leaves. Small quantities of sawdust-like frass may hang from the hole. Damage may appear conspicuous; however, the insect seldom causes significant leaf loss, so no chemical control recommendations are currently available. Hand-picking and destroying infested leaves now reduces the number of moths available for producing a second generation.
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TURF TIPS
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TALL FESCUE CONTROL
BYGLers revisited the issue of controlling tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in Kentucky bluegrass lawns. In the spring this grass, along with other weedy perennial grasses, is often quite noticeable in lawns since the fescue grows in dense clumps, grows faster then the rest of the lawn, and has a coarse-texture. Besides digging out the clumps or using glyphosate (Roundup) products to kill the patch and then reseed or sod, Joe Rimelspach noted that there is another product that may be considered as a tool to remove this weed. The product is called Corsair which is the trade name for chlorsulfuron.
Joe provided the following key points in using this product:
* Is the coarse grass positively identified as tall fescue? The product will NOT work on other coarse-textured grasses commonly found in the lawn. This product can be successfully used, but remember to correctly identify the weed and the species of grass(s) in the lawn.
* Is the desirable grass in the lawn Kentucky bluegrass? Many lawns have perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) mixed with the Kentucky bluegrass and Corsair KILLS perennial ryegrass. READ THE LABEL CAREFULLY to see what the product controls and on what grasses it is safe to use.
* Application technique is crucial. Use with a non-ionic surfactant (see label); apply in 2-3 gallons of water per 1,000 sq ft; deliver thorough coverage; do not over-apply; use the correct rate; properly calibrate the sprayer; make applications when the lawn and weeds are growing; and avoid applications if soils are saturated and during period of intense heart.
* As with any product, the label directions must be followed to ensure successful results.
If the label is not followed, serious problems may result. As always, read the complete label and follow directions carefully.
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SEED OR SOD?
In a previous BYGL this spring, it was reported that some lawns in Ohio are in dire need of repair from damage that occurred during last season's hot and dry conditions. BYGL provided a detailed "how-to" lawn repair guide, but failed to mention the viable role of sod in addressing loss of turfgrass in lawns.
Here are some benefits of using sod to repair damaged lawns: 1) Sod provides immediate coverage of open areas in the lawn. This not only provides an instant aesthetic improvement, it also prevents weed seeds from germinating; 2) The immediate coverage provided by sod is beneficial on slopes where water runoff makes stabilizing grass seed and soil difficult; 3) Sod consists of mature grass plants which match existing established grass plants if both are the same species and cultivars. Juvenile plants arising from seed may appear obvious for several weeks after germination.
Here are some tips for using sod to repair damaged lawns:
1) As with seed, it is essential to match the sod to the turfgrass species and cultivars found in the surrounding lawn;
2) Sod cannot be used like a toupee. Dead turfgrass and organic debris at the soil surface must be removed since the sod must be in direct contact with the soil;
3) An edging shovel should be used to produce straight edges where the sod adjoins the surrounding turfgrass. This prevents gaps between the sod and surrounding turfgrass;
4) The soil should be loosened using a rake or small tiller, then allowed lightly rolled or allowed to settle;
5) A small amount of soil may need to be removed or added to allow the sod to match the level of the surrounding turfgrass;
6) A balanced starter fertilizer (e.g. 10-10-10) should be applied to the soil prior to laying the sod;
7) Newly installed sod must be watered daily, sometimes twice a day depending on drying conditions, until the grass plants grow roots into the soil;
8) Only good quality sod from reputable dealers should be purchased. Information on the grass species, and cultivar composition of the sod should be determined prior to purchase to ensure its acceptability;
9) The sod should be of uniform density and free from broadleaf weeds, crabgrass, quackgrass, bentgrass, and other lawn weeds. High quality Kentucky bluegrass or turf-type tall fescue is available in Ohio along with other turf combinations.
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INDUSTRY INSIGHT
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WHITE PINE WEEVIL
Several BYGLers in northeast Ohio reported observing white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) activity. The weevil has one generation per year. In early spring, overwintered females feed briefly on the terminals of conifer hosts, and then they lay eggs into this feeding material. The resulting white, legless, slightly curved, grub-like larvae tunnel downward just beneath the bark until pupation. Larval development is typically completed by mid- to late summer.
The tops of infested trees become wilted, turn brown, and die. Main leaders are often curved into a shepherd's crook. The removal and destruction of infested terminals remains a highly effective method to reduce localized populations of this insect, as long as care is taken to cut below the downward progress of the larvae. A good sanitation program in combination with properly timed insecticide applications provides good control of this weevil.
Despite its common name, the weevil also infests a wide range of conifers including: Scotch, jack, red, and pitch pines; Norway, white, and Colorado blue spruces; and Douglasfir. Indeed, owing to its wide host range, the weevil is sometimes referred to as the "Sitka spruce weevil," or the "Englemann spruce weevil."
Currently, overwintered female weevils are active and should soon start to lay eggs. Indeed, oviposition has probably already started in central Ohio. Following are control recommendations assembled by Dave Shetlar.
* Christmas Tree Plantations: Option 1) Two applications of MSR (Metasystox-R) or Dimethoate with the first application made 7-10 days after forsythia full bloom (white pine weevil oviposition seems to begin soon after forsythia full bloom), and the second three weeks after that. Option 2) Two applications of a synthetic pyrethroid such as Talstar, with the first application made when forsythia is in full bloom and again three weeks later. Three applications might be necessary for those who hope to achieve 100% control.
* For Landscapes: Option 1) Fall soil drenches/injections with imidacloprid (e.g. Merit) at the highest rate. Spring applications have not been as effective, as there may not be enough time for uptake of the insecticide. Option 2) Two or three terminal sprays with Astro or Onyx made at three week intervals, with the first made when forsythia is in full bloom.
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COMING ATTRACTIONS
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UPCOMING OSU EXTENSION PLANT DIAGNOSTIC WORKSHOPS
A number of OSU ENLT Team workshops are scheduled for the season. Topics at each of the workshops this year include the following and more: Emerald Ash Borer, Diseases and Insects du Jour, Dr. Dendro Diagnostic Case Studies, Digital Diagnostics, Clinic Catharsis Sample Sharing, and Diagnostic Walks. As the season progresses, additional topics will be added. A more extensive program will be developed for the two-day October 5-6, 2006 Ohio Plant Diagnostic Workshop for Clinicians.
Dates scheduled include: May 24 - ABE Center, Bowling Green, May 26 - Springfield, June 6 - Burton, June 8 - Wooster, July 10 - Columbus, September 13 - Canfield, and October 5-6 - 50th Ohio Plant Diagnostic Workshop for Clinicians - Wooster.
More details on registration will be included in upcoming BYGLs.
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BYGLIVE IN TOLEDO
On Monday, May 1, Extension hosts the first BYGL Diagnostic Walk of the season. The walk-about begins at Toledo Botanical Garden at 1:00 p.m. Meet at the flagpole outside the Conference Center. For more information, contact OSU Extension at TBG at 419-578-6783.
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BYGLIVE IN CINCINNATI
The 2nd 2006 BYGLive! Diagnostic Walk-About will be held Monday, May 1, at Spring Grove Cemetery & Arboretum from 12:00 - 3:00 p.m. This monthly hands-on training program focuses on diagnosing plant pest, disease, and physiological problems. A new feature this year is tips on taking digital images, so bring your cameras!
Directions to the meeting location are as follows: enter Spring Grove Cemetery & Arboretum through the main entrance off Spring Grove Avenue; straight ahead is an underpass - drive through the underpass; turn right at the first intersection; keep to the left and travel approximately 300 yards to the meeting site on the left. For more information, contact Joe Boggs at 513-946-8993.
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SALSA (SECREST ACADEMY FOR LANDSCAPE SCIENCES AND ARTS)
The fourth edition of SALSA commences in May at OSU's Secrest Arboretum at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in Wooster. It is for individuals with professional or personal interest in an intensive, hands-on landscape learning experience and is a program of Ohio State University's Secrest Arboretum and the OSU Extension Center at Wooster. Faculty for session IV of SALSA are Jim Chatfield, Ken Cochran, Joe Cochran and Erik Draper.
SALSA IV focuses on the following topics: Herbaceous Perennials and Annuals, Disease Management, Insect Identification, Plant Problem Diagnostics, Plant Propagation, and Theme Gardens. SALSA IV involves three full-day sessions on May 15, June 19, and July 17.
SALSA is a learning experience, advancing knowledge of the arts and sciences of landscape horticulture, through linked interactive hands-on programs. SALSA is not a series of isolated single-topic programs, nor it a full-fledged 2- or 4- year degree program. SALSA occupies the landscape between these two...rooted in dedication, blooming with creativity. The cost of SALSA IV is $300.00 for the full three days of programming. This fee includes considerable reference material, gourmet lunches and refreshments. For more information contact Joe Cochran at Secrest Arboretum (330-263-3886; cochran.58@osu.edu).
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BYGLOSOPHY
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"And the day came when the risk [it took] to remain tight in the bud was more painful than the risk it took to blossom." - Anais Nin
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