Pam Bennett, Barb Bloetscher, Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield, Erik Draper, Dave Dyke, Gary Gao, David Goerig, Tim Malinich, Amy Stone, and Curtis Young.
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September 13, 2007
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This is the Twenty-fourth 2007 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL).
BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension
agents, specialists and other contributors in Ohio.
BYGL is also made available on the Internet from the Ohio State University
Horticulture and Crop Science (HCS) in Virtual Perspective website
(http://bygl.osu.edu). Additional fact sheet information on any of
these articles may be found through the OSU fact sheet database (http://plantfacts.osu.edu).
BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support
from the Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association (ONLA), with additional
funding from the Ohio Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA) to the OSU Extension Nursery Landscape, and Turf Team (ENLTT).
Participants in the September 11, 2007 conference included: Pam Bennett (Clark); Barb Bloetscher (C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic (CWEPPD Clinic)); Joe Boggs (OSU Extension Center at Piketon/Hamilton); Erik Draper (Geauga); Dave Dyke (Hamilton); Gary Gao (Delaware); Dave Goerig (Mahoning); Michael Loos (Cuyahoga); Tim Malinich (Lorain); Becky McCann (Agricultural Business Enhancement Center (ABE Center)); Joe Rimelspach (CWEPPD Clinic, Pathology); Amy Stone (Lucas); Curtis Young (Allen); and Randy Zondag (Lake)..
Additional factsheet information on any of these articles may be found
through the OSU Factsheet Database (http://plantfacts.ohio-state.edu/)
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WEATHER WATCH
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The following weather information has been summarized from data collected from September 1 - 11, 2007. BYGLers have selected four locations to highlight different regions of the state to be included each week as seen in the table below. Additionally, there are weather station sites in Avon (Lorain County), Madison (Lake County), Perry (Lake County), Jackson (Jackson County), at the Muck Crops Research Station (Huron County), at the North Central Research Station (Sandusky County), and at the Western Research Station (Clark County). The weather data collected from all the sites can be seen at http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/newweather/ .
| Weather Station |
Region of Ohio |
Ave. High Temp F |
Ave. Low Temp F |
Total Precip " |
Normal Precip " |
| Ashtabula |
NE |
79.8F |
60.2F |
1.69" |
1.7" |
| Wooster |
NE |
83.3F |
59.0F |
0.67" |
1.2" |
| Hoytville |
NW |
83.7F |
60.4F |
1.66" |
0.9" |
| Delaware |
Central |
85.9F |
60.1F |
1.67" |
0.9" |
| Piketon |
South |
89.4F |
59.6F |
0.24" |
1.0" |
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HORT SHORTS
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PLANTS OF THE WEEK
Read all about perennials and landscape trees and shrubs in the ONLA publications "Perennial Plants for Ohio" and "Landscape Plants for Ohio". The descriptions and photographs of plants were provided for these publications by the OSU ENLT Team along with other industry plant lovers. These full-color publications are available at http://Buckeyegardening.com for $5.00. Click on "garden store" and then "ONLA plant guides". ONLA members can purchase these in quantities at a reduced price at http://onla.org .
*PERENNIAL PLANT OF THE WEEK. AMSONIA, WILLOW BLUE-STAR (Amsonia tabernaemontana). This underused perennial actually has interest in 2 different seasons. In the spring, the 36-42" plant is covered with pale blue star-shaped flowers. In the fall, it turns a beautiful golden color that adds another feature to the fall perennial garden. Grows best in light shade, but will grow in the sun if kept watered.
*WOODY ORNAMENTAL OF THE WEEK. SWEET AUTUMN CLEMATIS (Clematis ternifolia). The massive vine spreads at least 20' if given ample support and is covered in brilliant snow-white blooms at this time. In addition, it's quite fragrant and is attractive to bees. The aggressive grown habit can be controlled by regular spring pruning. It takes full sun but tends to bloom nicely with filtered shade as well.
*ANNUAL OF THE WEEK. ANGELONIA (Angelonia angustifolia). Angelonia, also known as SUMMER SNAPDRAGON and SUMMER ORCHID, was introduced to the floriculture business in the late 1990s. However, it really took off when Ball FloraPlant introduced AngelMist™ White, Pink, Purple Stripe, Lavender, Deep Plum and Purple Angelonia in 1999 after removing cucumber mosaic virus from these varieties. Proven Winner subsequently released the 'Angelface' series, which has larger flowers. 'Angelface Blue' Angelonia was a Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden "Top Pick" in 2004. Ball FloraPlant introduced seed propagated 'Serena' Angelonia in 2005. This vigorous plant, with snapdragon-like flowers, will bloom throughout the season, growing to a height of 12"- 48". It is heat and drought tolerant, grows best in the full sun in a well-drained soil, sprawls but does not need staking, and does not need deadheading. Angelonias have unusually good life as cut flowers indoors. Cut flowers could last 15-20 days in a bright location indoors.
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THE WEEKLY WEED
This week Randy Zondag nominated COMMON CHICKWEED (Stellaria media) as the weekly weed. This winter annual can behave as a perennial in cool moist areas, producing seed for two generations per year; it has begun its late summer and fall germination.
A similar weed, MOUSEEAR CHICKWEED (Cerastium vulgatum) is a perennial that reproduces by seed which begins germinating in the fall and continues through spring. Both mouseear and common chickweed are low growing plants with opposite leaves and prostrate stems. Both have small white flowers and produce seed which primarily germinates in the fall of the year. However, stems and leaves of mouseear chickweed are distinctly hairy and the stems root where the nodes touch the ground. Common chickweed leaves are smooth (not hairy) and do not root at the nodes.
Either plant will be a problem if allowed to grow to maturity. Mechanical control of mature plants can be difficult, as thick mats of chickweed will clump up and foul cultivators and mowers. Postemergent herbicides can be used to control the already emerged chickweeds but pre-emergent herbicides should be considered to halt continued germination especially in areas with high weed pressure.
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SOIL TESTING IN AUTUMN MAKES $ENSE TOO
In addition to spring, autumn is also a great time to have your soil tested. Shade trees can be fertilized in late fall while lawns need to be fertilized now and again in late fall. Soil testing will reveal the pH and nutrient levels of the soil. It is possible that a pH imbalance is a reason why trees or lawns do not respond to a fertilizer application. If you seed or over-seed your lawn this fall, go ahead re-seed now. Soil pH can still be adjusted when the test reported arrives. Refer to the OSU Extension Fact Sheet #HYG-1132-99, "Soil Testing is an Excellent Investment for Garden Plants and Commercial Crops" for more information on soil testing.
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BRYOZOANS ARE BACK
Dave Goerig received a sample of strange looking gelatinous masses found in a local pond. They were colonies of BRYOZOANS, (animal phylum Ectoprocta). Though they may resemble jelly fish or coral, they are not related to either. The colonies are made up of individual microscopic animals. Each animal has branches that terminate in a whorl of tentacles that collect food from the surrounding water.
The colonies are normally 1" or less in diameter and go unnoticed - remaining attached to sticks or rocks. When conditions favor development, colonies may grow to be the size of softballs or even volleyballs! At this point they are easily discovered and may even be found floating free in the water resulting in reports of alien eggs or jellyfish in ponds. No control is required as they are more a curiosity than a pest.
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BUG BYTES
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ANTLIONS "ROARING" IN CINCINNATI
Joe Boggs reported that participants at this week's BYGLive! Diagnostic Walk-About were intrigued by the bountiful handiwork of antlions (a.k.a. DOODLEBUGS). It was evident that the extended drought plaguing southwest Ohio has provided ideal conditions for these fascinating predators. Their small, funnel-shaped pits excavated in open areas of dry, powdery soil seemed to be everywhere. A favored location was at the base of large trees. They can also be commonly found near building foundations.
Antlions belong to the insect order Neuroptera (neuro = nerve, optera = wing). Adults have finely veined wings that they hold tent-like over their bodies. The unusual larvae have long sickle-shaped mandibles, a trait shared with other Neuropteran predators, such as aphidlions. There are several species of antlions. Some are very mobile, and actively hunt their prey. The species the BYGLive! participants observed combines stealthy, motionless patience with a pitfall trap.
Pitfall-type antlions construct their trap by moving backwards in loose, dry soil in a spiral pattern, and using their long mandibles like a shovel to throw soil particles out of the gradually deepening crater. They create a conical pit that is 3/4" - 2" wide and around 1/2" deep. The antlion buries itself in the soil off to one side at the very bottom of the pit. Nothing of the predator is exposed except for the business end of the mandibles. A close examination of the pit will only reveal the open, sickle-shaped mandibles lying poised for action flat against the bottom of the pit.
When a hapless victim blunders into the trap, the loose dry soil particles provide no traction for escape. As the trapped victim struggles, the antlion lunges with snapping mandibles to seize its quarry. The sharp-pointed tips of the mandibles pierce the victim's exoskeleton, allowing the essence-of-insect to drain into the antlion's mouth. Their dinning menu includes their namesake prey, as well as any other arthropod the antlion can skewer with its mandibles.
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OLEANDER-MILKWEED APHID
Curtis Young reported that high populations of oleander aphids (Aphis nerii) are feeding on milkweeds in western Ohio, and drawing the attention of Asian lady beetles (Harmonia axyridis). The fact that the lady beetles could successfully dine on this aphid surprised some BYGLers.
The non-native aphid carries the approved common name of "oleander aphid" because it is a commonly found sucking juices from oleander (Family = Apcocynaceae). It will also suck juices from milkweeds (Family = Asclepiadaceae), giving rise to another commonly used, but non-approved common name of "milkweed aphid." It is no accident that the aphid feeds on oleander and milkweeds since the sap in these plants contains cardenolide glycosides (heart poisons). These are very serious toxins, and as with a number of other insects that feed on plants in the two families, the aphid incorporates the glycosides into their flesh as protection against predators. It is speculated that the bright coloration of the aphid warns predators against taking a taste. This is called "aposomatic coloration."
Research has shown that predators dinning on insects protected by cardenolide glycosides suffer a range of malevolent consequences including death. Whether the Asian lady beetles Curtis observed are slow-witted, color-blind, or enjoy some inherent protection is not known. However, given the nasty home-invading behavior of the beetles, one can only hope they are color-blind.
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A STINGING REPORT
After the prior week's report that yellow jackets (Vespula spp.) have not yet become a nuisance, the complaints have been buzzing county office phones the last two weeks. Many people claim that the nest "just appeared" the last week, however the truth is that these black and yellow menaces have been present all summer but just recently become cantankerous.
During most of late spring and fall, yellow jacket adults snatch caterpillars and other soft bodied insects which in turn they feed to developing larvae. In late summer however, the colony comprises many reproductive males and females which beg carbohydrates from the sterile workers. In an effort to appease them, the workers search for foods that have this much needed energy boost, such as donuts, hamburgers, soda and French fries. At the same time, the population of adults has peaked with 5,000 or more workers in the colony.
The decision on whether or not to treat depends upon the location of the colony, and the relative tolerance of the people involved. If the yellow jacket nest is high in a tree or building, or away from traffic and children, the inquirer has the option to wait for 1-2 frosts which will kill most of the colony. If the colony is in the ground near a sidewalk, picnic area or doorway, the nest may need to be exterminated. The same is true for black faced hornets and paper wasps, if they are 4-6' away from activity, they can often be left alone to do their jobs- pollinate and catch caterpillars and other insects.
To date, the best control for nests in the ground or other accessible entrances, is carbaryl (Sevin) dust or the new product, Eight. Make sure that the dust will not blow or land anywhere except into the entrance hole. Wearing gloves and a dust mask, an applicator may use an instrument which will funnel the dust into a small hole, blow 5 puffs of the insecticidal dust into the entrance hole at early dawn. Bees and wasps are rather lethargic and slow moving after a cool night. Leave the area immediately after blowing the dust and avoid it until the following day. The yellow jacket population should decline dramatically. Never dump gasoline into a nest near a structure as concentrated fumes could cause an explosion!
For the bald faced hornet's head-sized paper nests, direct an insecticidal wasp spray that will shoot 50' away when the temperatures are cool, thus hornets are less active. Because of the tenacious habit of these black and white hornets, contacting a reputable pest control professional is a sage alternative.
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ASHES BORED AGAIN
Although the lilac/ash borer adults emerged in early spring, (when the Winter King hawthorn and dwarf fothergilla bloom) in Ohio, the BANDED ASH CLEARWING (Podosesia aureocincta) begins emerging when the Rose of Sharon begins to flower. Both borers are larvae of a moth, known as a clearwing borer, which damage the ash by tunneling into the phloem and cambium area, usually in the lower trunk area. Although one attack should not kill a mature tree, continual attacks will weaken the tree, leading to attack from other pests and pathogens.
Damage from these pests is often confused with other borers including the redheaded ash borer (Neoclytus acuminatus) and the banded ash borer (N. caprea), both of which are round headed borers (Family Cerambycidae). One may notice, however, the clear brownish pupal shells of the emerging clearwing moth protruding from the exit hole in the trunk, or laying on the ground below. The importance of knowing which pest is attacking the tree is that clearwing moth larvae will not be controlled well if treated with imidacloprid (Merit, Marathon), whereas the Cerambycid larvae may be impacted. The round headed borers are also indicators of a dying tree, whereas the clearwing borers can lead to tree death.
If the clearwing borers are suspected, spray the trunk and major scaffold branches in late July in southern Ohio, and 2 weeks later in northern Ohio, with permethrin (Astro, Permethrin Pro), cypermethrin (Demon TC) or bifenthrin (Onyx). Traps are available to help target spray treatments.
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DISEASE DIGEST
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BOTRYOSPHAERIA CANKER AND CICADA DAMAGE ON ASH
Participants at this week's BYGLive! in Cincinnati were drawn to several white ash trees showing branch dieback and leaf-flagging symptoms. A close examination revealed two problems. The trees were suffering from Botryosphaeria canker and there was old, but heavy periodical cicada (Magicicada spp.) oviposition damage left behind from the Brood X emergence in 2004. Each of these problems alone could cause twig and branch dieback. It was speculated that together, they could produce serious damage.
The fungal cankers appeared as swollen, nodule-like growths on twigs, or bulging growths on branches. The bark on these growths was roughened and deeply etched by 1/2" - 1 1/4" long longitudinal slits. Slits on older cankers had lengthened and deepened exposing the xylem. The periodical cicada damage appeared as single, distinct slits cut through the bark and into the xylem. The oviposition slits were bounded by thick wound-closure tissue. A close examination revealed the splintering, egg insertion damage to the xylem made by the cicada. This differed greatly from the smooth surface of the xylem observed within the cankers.
In its mildest form, Botryosphaeria canker on ash only causes twig and branch cankers with few other symptoms. However, when infected trees are stressed, symptoms may include branch dieback and leaf flagging. The fungus may have entered the trees years earlier, but the disease behaves as a "latent infection." The fungus is in the tree, but defense mechanisms normally keep it from producing symptoms more severe than mild cankering. When the tree is stressed, such as during this season's drought, or perhaps in combination with the cicada damage, the defense mechanisms are overwhelmed and branch dieback occurs.
There are no recommended treatments for the fungal canker, other than to apply good plant health management practices. Of course, the same is true for the cicada damage. Nothing can be done now other than to support tree recovery through selective pruning to remove the most heavily cankered branches, and proper watering to reduce overall stress.
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TURF TIPS
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IF LAWNS ARE DEAD- SEED ASAP!!
Due to wide spread decline and damage to lawns this summer renovation is needed ASAP on these lawns. The best time to seed a lawn in northern Ohio is between August 15 and September 30. In central and southern Ohio September to Mid October is often considered the best time. Lawns seeded later in the fall may fail because the seedling turf has insufficient growth to survive the winter.
A good lawn can be established by closely following the basic rules for seeding or sodding. Careful attention to detail will help insure success of the new turfgrass. The following steps are essential in developing a new lawn:
- Control perennial weeds such as quackgrass, tall fescue and bentgrass.
- Remove existing dead sod and thatch if excessive.
- Rough grade the lawn area. Allow the soil to settle
- Have soil tested. Apply corrective quantities of fertilizer and lime, if needed.
- Rototill or otherwise prepare a seed bed.
- Remove stones, wood and other debris from the soil.
- Firm the soil if soft with roller.
- Apply starter fertilizer and rake it in while removing stones, trash, and other foreign material. Fill in any small depressions that are present.
- Seed or sod-if sod, ignore items 10 and 11.
- Rake lightly-let some seed remain on surface.
- Mulch.
- Roll lightly.
- Irrigate. Surface must be kept moist until seedlings establish.
The following are factors to consider when selecting a turfgrass species for Ohio. Also purchase quality seed that is free of weed seed. Remember you usually get what you pay for. The cost of quality seed is a small investment for a good lawn.
Improved Kentucky Bluegrass: A spreading growth pattern; use blends; resistant to disease; for high quality turf, proper maintenance; generally lack shade tolerance; slow to germinate (over 14 days); and slow to green up in spring.
Common/Unlabeled Kentucky Bluegrass: Often susceptible to leaf spot/melting out and early green up in spring.
Improved Perennial Ryegrass: A bunch growth pattern; fastest germination; less cold tolerant than Kentucky bluegrass; and many have endophytes (reduced insect pests).
Improved Turf Type Tall Fescues: A bunch type growth pattern; traffic tolerance is good to excellent; grows well in sun and shade; resistant to most insects; and quick to germinate but slower to establish than perennial ryegrass.
Fine Fescues: A bunch type growth habit; used primarily for shade and low maintenance turfgrass areas; and soft, fine texture.
Improved Kentucky Bluegrass: A spreading growth pattern; use blends; resistant to disease; for high quality turf, proper maintenance; generally lack shade tolerance; slow to germinate (over 14 days); and slow to green up in spring.
Common/Unlabeled Kentucky Bluegrass: Often susceptible to leaf spot/melting out; and early green up in spring.
Improved Perennial Ryegrass: A bunch growth pattern; fastest germination; less cold tolerant than Kentucky bluegrass; and many have endophytes (reduced insect pests).
Improved Turf Type Tall Fescues: A bunch type growth pattern; traffic tolerance is good to excellent; grows well in sun and shade; resistant to most insects; and quick to germinate but slower to establish than perennial ryegrass.
Fine Fescues: A bunch type growth habit; used primarily for shade and low maintenance turfgrass areas; and soft, fine texture.
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INDUSTRY INSIGHT
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OHIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SEEKS ASSISTANCE TO TRACK EAB
Ohio's emerald ash borer (EAB) quarantine currently includes 31 counties. These counties include Allen, Auglaize, Butler, Cuyahoga, Delaware, Defiance, Erie, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Henry, Huron, Logan, Lorain, Lucas, Mahoning, Marion, Medina, Mercer, Miami, Montgomery, Sandusky, Seneca, Ottawa, Paulding, Warren, Williams, Wood, and Wyandot counties. While the known EAB infestations in Lucas County (Toledo area) are numerous and have been confirmed throughout the entire county, infestations in other counties appear to be fewer and far between. Although a single specimen can quarantine an entire county, there is value in monitoring the spread or detecting other infestations within an already quarantined county.
If you live in a county not currently known to be infested with EAB and suspect you have found EAB, you should contact ODA's EAB hotline at 888-OHIO-EAB. However, if you live within an already quarantined county, ODA is asking that a specimen (a larvae, pupa, or adult) be collected and submitted to its office for confirmation. The specimen must be accompanied with an Emerald Ash Borer Program Specimens for Determination Form, available on the department's website at http://www.ohioagriculture.gov/plant/ppc/eab/Identification%20Form_9-12-07.pdf or by calling the toll-free hotline.
Once a specimen is received, a determination will be made as to whether it is EAB or not. The person submitting the specimen will be notified of the determination. If the specimen is identified as EAB, the county map will be updated online to include the newest find. The map feature is accessible on the ODA website, or can be sent out to those requesting it.
For more information on the state's quarantine area, for the specimen determination form, or for individual county maps, call 1-888-OHIO-EAB or go to http://www.ohioagriculture.gov/eab/ .
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EAB RESEARCH UPDATE SCHEDULED FOR NOVEMBER 7
Ohio State University Extension will be hosting a research update on Wednesday, November 7 in Waldo, Ohio, just north of Delaware off of Route 23. The program will run from 9:30 a.m. - 3:30 p.m. Event presenters include: Joe Boggs (OSU Extension), Dan Herms (OSU/OARDC), Deb McCollough (Michigan State University), Therese Poland (US Forest Service), Anne Marie Smith (ODNR), and Davis Sydnor (OSU). The program will be an excellent opportunity for participants to learn what knowledge has been gained through the research. Registration and program materials will be available at http://ashalert.osu.edu next week.
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COMING ATTRACTIONS
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CALLING ANYONE INTERESTED IN BECOMING A CERTIFIED ARBORIST
OSUE Greene County Master Gardeners, the Ohio Division of Forestry, and the Ohio Chapter of the International Arboriculture are sponsoring a Certified Arborist Preparation Course on Mondays from October 1 though November 12, 6:00 - 9:00 p.m., in Xenia, Ohio. This class is for any individual interested in becoming and ISA Certified Arborist. Contact the Ohio Chapter of ISA at 614-771-7494 for application information.
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2ND ANNUAL-WHY TREES MATTER FORUM
Hold the date Tuesday, October 23, 2007, at Secrest Arboretum in Wooster, OH. Come and discover the social, economic and environmental impact of trees in your community. This year's keynote speaker is Fiona Watt, New York City Parks and Recreation. She will be discussing the monetary value of New York City's Urban Forest. She will share the findings of the recent street tree inventory methods and results, and how they have applied U.S. Forest Service Research to quantify the environmental function and value of their urban forest resource. In addition, Ms. Watt will discuss how these results were critical to communicating to policy makers the importance of trees, which led to unprecedented new municipal funding for urban forestry initiatives in New York City.
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RESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPING IN 3Ds
OSU Extension in Delaware County proudly presents a one-day program that is entitled "Residential Landscaping in 3Ds." This program is scheduled for 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. on October 11, 2007. It will be held in Room G35 of The Rutherford Hayes Building located at 140 North Sandusky Street, Delaware, OH 43015. Speakers for the program are Amy Dutt of Dreamscapes Natural and Native Landscapes, Dr. Gary Gao of OSU Extension-Delaware County, and Phil Keller of Phillip Keller Landscape Designs, LLC.
This program is designed for homeowners, Master Gardeners, landscapers, garden center employees, and landscape maintenance professionals. The registration is $45.00 per person, which includes the program, refreshments, lunch, handout and a certificate of completion. The registration deadline is October 8, 2007. There will be a $5.00 late fee after that date. On-site registration may not be accepted due to limited space. Registration will be taken on a first come and first served basis. Please call Cindy Kaelber with OSU Extension in Delaware County at 740-833-2030 or email her at kaelber.1@cfaes.osu.edu for a program flyer.
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FARM SCIENCE REVIEW - SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE
This is the 45th Farm Science Review (FSR), and the 25th at the Molly Caren Agricultural Center in London, Ohio. Antique farm machinery, garden and field demonstrations, the Gwynne Conservation Area, and educational programs throughout the event are all part of the three day schedule. This year's event will be held on Tuesday, September 18th - Thursday, September 20th. Information including schedules, directions, and event highlights is available on the web at http://fsr.osu.edu .
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VERMILION'S ANNUAL WOOLLYBEAR FESTIVAL
This year's festival will be held on Sunday, September 23, 2007 in Vermilion, Ohio. The Woollybear Festival is the largest one day festival in the State of Ohio. The festivities begin at 9:00 a.m. and include: 9 a.m. - Music at the reviewing stage & the YMCA World's Greatest Kid's Footrace at Vermilion High School; 10 a.m. - Big Chuck & Lil' John Caterpillar 500 Race; 11 a.m. - Kids & pets woollybear costume contest; 1:30 p.m. - Dick Goddard and the Fox 8 family for the spectacular parade featuring 20 marching bands, hundreds of animals, 2,000 marchers and many Fox 8 personalities; 3:45 p.m. - live entertainment on stage; and 5 p.m. - Woollybear Race Finals & Woollybear winter prediction. For more information visit the festival's web site at: http://vermilionohioharbourtown.homestead.com/VermilionOhioWoollyBearFestival.html .
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BYGLOSOPHY
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"In an orchard there should be enough to eat, enough to lay up,
enough to be stolen, and enough to rot on the ground." --James Boswell, 1740-1795
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